These results suggest that the processing of temporal information is mediated by a distributed network Citarinostat supplier that can be differentially engaged depending on the task requirements. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose of review\n\nFood addiction has been implicated as a putative causal factor in chronic overeating, binge eating, and obesity. The concept of food addiction has been controversial historically

due to definitional and conceptual difficulties and to a lack of rigorous scientific data.\n\nRecent findings\n\nSupport for the food addiction hypothesis comes from alterations in neurochemistry (dopamine, endogenous opioids), neuroanatomy (limbic system), and self-medication behaviors. Foods identified as having

potential addictive properties include sweets, carbohydrates, fats, sweet/fat combinations, and possibly processed and/or high salt foods. Eating topography has been identified as a necessary factor in neural pathway changes that promote addiction-like properties in response to some foods. A recently developed food addiction scale shows promise in identifying food addiction.\n\nSummary\n\nRecent findings have strengthened the case for food addiction. These findings may serve to validate the perception of food addiction in patients and inform psychoeducational, cognitive-behavioral, and/or pharmacological treatment for chronic food cravings, compulsive overeating, and binge eating that may represent click here a phenotype of obesity. Screening for food addiction has the potential to identify people with eating difficulties that seriously compromise weight management

efforts. Future research should include a TPX-0005 datasheet focus on human food addiction research; evaluating the impact of treatment on underlying neurochemistry; and prevention or reversal of food addiction in humans.”
“Efforts to conserve depleted populations of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) often rely on hatchery programs to offset losses of fish from natural and anthropogenic causes, but their use has been contentious. We examined the impact of a large-scale reduction in hatchery stocking on 15 populations of wild coho salmon along the coast of Oregon (USA). Our analyses highlight four critical factors influencing the productivity of these populations: (1) negative density-dependent effects of hatchery-origin spawners were similar to 5 times greater than those of wild spawners; (2) the productivity of wild salmon decreased as releases of hatchery juveniles increased; (3) salmon production was positively related to an index of freshwater habitat quality: and (4) ocean conditions strongly affect productivity at large spatial scales, potentially masking more localized drivers.

Conclusion The results suggest a guideline for plasma glucose monitoring during CHOP chemotherapy in patients with no history of DM.”
“Introduction: In sports where there is contact between athletes such as volleyball, sprain is the most common injury and the ankle is the joint most affected when compared with the others, causing major deficits such as joint instability. Proprioceptive training programs have been widely used to minimize these issues. Objective: To evaluate the effect of a proprioceptive training DZNeP molecular weight program on ankle joint stability using the Star Excursion Balance Test

(SEBT) in volleyball athletes. Methods: A total of 11 volleyball players from a multi-sport club in Porto Alegre/RS/Brazil were evaluated through an SBE-β-CD assessment test for stability of the ankle joint, SEBT. The athletes underwent a proprioceptive training program consisting of six exercises that worked proprioception at different levels of difficulty for four weeks and this test was administered pre and post-intervention through the proprioceptive training program of the athletes. Results: Quantitative variables were described

by mean and standard deviation, and the study of normality of the variables was described by the Shapiro-Wilk test. Categorical variables were described by absolute and relative frequencies. The paired t-test was used to compare the means of both ankles pre and post-intervention. The level of significance was 5% (p smaller than = 0.05) and analyses were performed using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) version 18. The results of the SEBT test pre and post proprioceptive intervention showed a significant difference in six directions for buy TPCA-1 the right ankle and five for the left ankle. Conclusion: A proprioceptive training program seems to be effective for increasing joint stability which is essential for volleyball athletes at risk of ankle sprains that cause chronic instabilities.”
“The cell surface interaction between bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and MD-2 is central to bacterial sepsis syndromes and wound healing. We have

shown that a generation (G) 3.5 polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer that was partially glycosylated with glucosamine inhibits TLR4-MD-2-LPS induced inflammation in a rabbit model of tissue scaring. However, it was a mixture of closely related chemical species because of the polydispersity of the starting PAMAM dendrimer. Generation 2 triazine dendrimers with single chemical entity material status are available at low cost and at the kilogram scale. PAMAM dendrimer can be synthetically grafted onto this triazine core dendrimer to make new triazine-PAMAM hybrid dendrimers. This led us to examine whether molecular modelling methods could be used to identify the key structural design principles for a bioactive lead molecule that could be synthesized and biologically evaluated.

Although reductions were observed for group differences in other aspects of behavior and social functioning after control for (specific) cognitive abilities, group differences remained evident. Training of cognitive abilities may help reducing certain social and behavioral problems of children with DAPT cell line NF1, but further refinement regarding associations between specific aspects of cognition and specific social and behavioral outcomes

is required.”
“Previous studies have demonstrated that adrenal medullary chromaffin cells transplanted into the spinal subarachnoid space significantly reduced pain-related behavior following hind paw plantar formalin injection in rats. The data suggests a centrally mediated antinociceptive mechanism. The spinal transplants may have effects on sciatic nerve function as well. To address this, the current study examined the effects of spinal adrenal transplants on hind paw edema and the anterograde transport of substance P (SP) that occur following formalin injection. Robust formalin-evoked edema, as well as hind paw flinching, was observed in striated muscle control-transplanted rats, which were not observed in adrenal-transplanted rats. To visualize transport of SP, the sciatic nerve was ligated ipsilateral to formalin injection and the nerve

was processed 48 h later for immunocytochemistry. A significant formalin-induced accumulation of SP immunoreactivity (IR) was observed proximal to the ligation in control-transplanted rats. In contrast, there was significantly less SP IR observed from nerve of adrenal-transplanted rats, suggesting a diminution JQ1 mouse of anterograde axoplasmic transport by adrenal transplants. The change

in SP IR may have been selleck inhibitor due to an alteration of transport due to formalin injection, thus, transport was visualized by the accumulation of growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43) at the ligation site. Formalin injection did not significantly increase proximal accumulation of GAP43 IR, indicating that formalin does not increase anterograde transport. Surprisingly, however, adrenal transplants significantly diminished GAP43 IR accumulation compared to control-transplanted rats. These data demonstrate that spinal adrenal transplants can attenuate the formalin-evoked response by modulating primary afferent responses. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Non-Typhi Salmonella cause over 1.7 million cases of gastroenteritis in North America each year, and food-animal products are commonly implicated in human infections. For invasive infections, antimicrobial therapy is indicated. In North America, the antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella is monitored by the U. S. National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) and The Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CIPARS).

albopictus mean survival time was 12, 7, 6, 15, and 4 days, respectively. Mean survival times for adult males were not significantly different (P > 0.05) from the females and were 10, 7, 6, 14, and 3 days, respectively. Combined male and female survival times were not significantly different on lucky bamboo compared to

survival times on a 10 % sucrose control. Based on our findings, A. albopictus can readily survive long enough to complete a gonotrophic cycle and potentially complete the extrinsic incubation period for ON-01910 manufacturer many arboviruses when only provided access to lucky bamboo plants or possibly other common ornamentals. Vector control professionals should be aware of potential in-home infestations and public BEZ235 chemical structure health concerns associated with mosquito breeding and plant tissue feeding on ornamental plants.”
“Cerebral

vasospasm (CV) remains a common and devastating complication in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Despite its clinical significance and extensive research, the underlying pathogenesis and therapeutic perspectives of CV remain incompletely understood. Recently, it has been suggested that molecular hydrogen (H2) can selectively reduce levels of hydroxyl radicals (.OH) and ameliorate oxidative and inflammatory injuries to organs in many models. However, whether H2 can ameliorate CV after SAH is still unknown. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of H2 in preventing SAH-induced CV. Experimental SAH was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats using cisterna magna blood injection. Hydrogen-rich saline (HS) was injected intraperitoneally (5 ml/kg) immediately and at 24 hr after injury. All rats were sacrificed 48 hr after the neurological examination scores had been recorded following SAH. Levels of oxidative stress and inflammation were evaluated.

Basilar artery vasospasm was assessed by histological examination using light and transmission electron microscopy. HS treatment significantly improved neurological outcomes and attenuated morphological vasospasm of the basilar artery after SAH. In addition, we found that the beneficial effects of HS treatment on SAH-induced CV were associated with decreased levels of lipid peroxidation, increased activity of antioxidant PF-03084014 in vivo enzymes, and reduced levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the basilar artery. These results indicate that H2 has the potential to be a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of CV after SAH, and its neuroprotective effect might be partially mediated via limitation of vascular inflammation and oxidative stress. (c) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.”
“The purpose of this study was to accurately detect lymph-node micrometastases, i.e., metastatic cancer foci that have a size between 2.0 and 0.2 mm, in nodes excised from colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, and to determine how frequently micrometastases might be missed when standard histological examination procedures are used.

A group of different viruses that belong to the family of hemorrhagic fever could represent with HFRS. The basic

pathophysiologic feature is virus-induced leaky microcirculation. There is no effective antiviral treatment against them. Because of rapid environmental changes, global warming, and increased global traveling, different hemorrhagic fever syndromes could be found anywhere in the world and beyond their old endemic borders. This review is a brief overview of HFRS in Iran during the early and mid-twentieth century.”
“Photochemical electron donor-acceptor Bafilomycin A1 purchase triads having an aminopyrene primary donor (APy) and a p-diaminobenzene secondary donor (DAB) attached to either one or both imide nitrogen atoms of a perylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide) (PDI) electron

acceptor were prepared to give DAB-APy-PDI and DAB-APy-PDI-APy-DAB. In toluene, both triads are monomeric, but in methylcyclohexane, they self-assemble into ordered helical heptamers and hexamers, respectively, in which the PDI molecules are pi-stacked in a columnar fashion, as evidenced by small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering. Photoexcitation of these supramolecular assemblies results in rapid formation of DAB(+center dot)-PDI(-center dot) spin-polarized radical ion pairs having spin-spin dipolar interactions, which show that the average Stem Cells & Wnt inhibitor distance between the two radical ions is much larger in the assemblies (31 angstrom) than it is in their monomeric building blocks (23 angstrom). This work demonstrates that electron hopping through the pi-stacked PDI molecules is fast enough to compete effectively with charge recombination (40 ns)

in these systems, making these selleck products materials of interest as photoactive assemblies for artificial photosynthesis and organic photovoltaics.”
“We present a reduced-space algorithm for solving the complex (damped) linear response equations required to compute the complex linear response function for the hierarchy of methods: coupled cluster singles, coupled cluster singles and iterative approximate doubles, and coupled cluster singles and doubles. The solver is the keystone element for the development of damped coupled cluster response methods for linear and nonlinear effects in resonant frequency regions. (C) 2013 AIP Publishing LLC.”
“Carbonaceous fluorine free nanoparticles synthesized in a low temperature acetylene discharge are used in a first step for the production of (super) hydrophobic coatings. In a second step, the influence of different plasma and UV induced functionalizations on the wetting characteristics of these materials is investigated. The experiments show that the superhydrophobic surfaces can be turned continuously and reversibly into hydrophilic (superhydrophilic) surfaces by means of the different treatment methods. The reversibility of these processes is studied in a third step.

We performed whole-cell recording from ELp neurons in a whole-brain preparation and examined the relationship between intrinsic excitability and IPI tuning. We found that spike frequency adaptation of ELp neurons was highly variable. Postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) of strongly adapting (phasic) neurons were more sharply tuned to IPIs than weakly adapting (tonic) neurons. Further, the synaptic filtering of IPIs by tonic neurons was more faithfully converted into variation in spiking VS-6063 output, particularly at short IP1s. Pharmacological manipulation

under current- and voltage-clamp revealed that tonic firing is mediated by a fast, large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (K-ca) current (BK) that speeds up action potential repolarization. These results suggest that BK currents Selleckchem FK228 can shape the temporal filtering of sensory inputs by modifying both synaptic responses and PSP-to-spike conversion. Slow SK-type K-ca currents have previously been implicated in temporal processing. Thus, both fast

and slow K-ca currents can fine-tune temporal selectivity.”
“To search for novel potent antitumor agent, a series of thiocolchicine derivatives (7a-i) containing 1,3,4-thiadiazole moieties were synthesized, and their structures were confirmed by spectral analysis. Their cytotoxicity against four human cancer cell lines (A2780, A549, BEL7402, and MCF7) in vitro were evaluated by MTT assay. The results indicated that many of the derivatives showed significant Dibutyryl-cAMP in vivo anticancer activities, particularly, compounds 7h and 7i showed more potent cytotoxic activities of all screened cancer cells than colchicine and thiocolchicine.”
“Docetaxel is a taxane family antineoplastic agent widely employed in cancer chemotherapy. We developed

a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of docetaxel in human plasma. Plasma samples were deproteinized by acetonitrile containing internal standard paclitaxel. Chromatographic separation was performed on a TSKgel ODS-100V 3 mu m (50 mm x 2.0 mm i.d.) column using a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile-methanol-water-formic acid (50:5:45:0.1, v/v/v/v). Detection was performed on a triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer with multi pie reaction monitoring (MRM) mode via electrospray ionization (ESI) source. This method covered a linearity range of 5-5000 ng/mL with the lower limit of quantification of 5 ng/mL. The intra-day precision and inter-day precision (R.S.D.) of analysis were less than 6.7%, and the accuracy (R.E.) was within +/- 9.0% at the concentrations of 5, 20, 200, and 2000 ng/mL. The total run time was 5.0 min. This method was successfully applied for clinical pharmacokinetic investigation. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“This study was conducted to determine the effects of various time lengths of restricted feeding at 0.

5 x 10(16) ions/cm(2). The implanted samples were subsequently irradiated with an excimer-UV lamp. After the process, the samples were rapidly thermal annealed before furnace annealing click here (FA). Photoluminescence spectra were measured at various stages at the process. We found that the luminescence intensity is strongly enhanced with excimer-UV

irradiation and RTA. Moreover, effective visible photoluminescence which is not observed with a simple FA treatment, is found to be observed even after FA at 900 degrees C, only for specimens treated with excimer-UV lamp and RTA. Based on our experimental results, we discuss the effects of excimer-UV lamp irradiation and RTA process on Si nanocrystals related photoluminescence. (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier FG-4592 solubility dmso B.V.”
“There is increasing interest in the role of autoantibodies in acquired autoimmune central nervous system disorders. N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is an autoimmune encephalitis defined by the presence of autoantibodies that bind to the NMDAR. Although there is evidence of NMDAR antibody pathogenicity, it is unclear which treatment results in the best outcome. We measured the proportion of B-cells in the cerebrospinal fluid

of two children with NMDAR encephalitis (a 6-year-old male and a 4-year-old female), one in the acute phase and one in the relapsing phase. The proportion of CD19+ B-cells in both children was greater than 10%, significantly higher than seen in non-inflammatory neurological www.selleckchem.com/products/U0126.html disorders (<1%). This finding

supports the use of drugs, such as rituximab, that deplete B-cells in severe or refractory cases of NMDAR encephalitis, and lends further support to the humoral autoimmune hypothesis in NMDAR encephalitis.”
“During the last few decades, foetal haemoglobin reactivation has been considered as a promising intervention to treat beta-thalassaemia and sickle-cell anaemia. Variable foetal haemoglobin (Hb F, alpha(2)gamma(2)) production among individuals is under control of distinct chromosome regions, namely, the quantitative trait loci (QTL). One of the QTL affecting Hb F levels on chromosome 8q has never been explored. The zinc fingers and homeodomains 2 (ZHX2) transcription factor located at 8q position is remarkably down-regulated in hereditary persistence of foetal haemoglobin, indicating an inverse correlation between the gamma-globin and ZHX2 expression. Here we studied the effect of ZHX2 over the gamma-globin expression in K562 erythroleukaemic cell line by transient transfection with a ZHX2 expression plasmid. At 24 h after transfection, the relative expression of endogenous gamma-globin mRNA had been reduced to 0.401 +/- 0.08 as assessed by real-time PCR. Our finding suggests that the repressive effect on gamma-globin probably results from the presence of ZHX2 and supports its possible involvement in the regulation of gamma-globin expression.”
“Src interactions with the plasma membrane are an important determinant of its activity.

\n\nResults: The expression of PP2A catalytic subunit, (PP2Ac) was reduced in A2780/CDDP as well as in cisplatin-resistant patients’ tissues compared with A2780 and cisplatin-sensitive patients. In the A2780 cells, cisplatin induced both apoptosis and autophagy. Interestingly, however, the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine increased the cell death induced by diamindichloridoplatin (DDP), which suggested the protective

function of autophagy in DDP-induced cell death. Knocking down of PP2A promoted autophagy but suppressed DDP-induced apoptosis and cell death. In contrast, overexpression of PP2Ac or reinduction of the activity of PP2A by FTY720 decreased autophagy but increased cell death induced by DDP. Our experiments demonstrated that apoptosis suppressed by the knocking down of PP2Ac can be reversed by the administration Dorsomorphin cell line of 3-methyladenine. The elevated accumulation of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II and the decline of the autophagy substrate p62 were also observed in PP2Ac-small interfering RNA transfected cells. However, overexpression of PP2Ac suppressed the accumulation of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II and restored p62.\n\nConclusions: Taken together, our results showed that protective autophagy regulated JAK/STAT inhibitor by PP2Ac is at least part of the mechanism

to how certain ovarian cancers are resistant to cisplatin. Prospective studies are necessary to determine the detailed mechanism of how PP2Ac regulates autophagy in chemoresistant patients.”
“Structural www.selleckchem.com/products/gsk1120212-jtp-74057.html chromosome aberrations are known hallmarks of many solid tumors. In the papillary form of thyroid cancer (PTC), for example, activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)

genes, RET and neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type I (NTRK1) by intra- and interchromosomal rearrangements has been suggested as a cause of the disease. However, many phenotypically similar tumors do not carry an activated RET or NTRK-1 gene or express abnormal ret or NTRK-1 transcripts. Thus, we hypothesize that other cellular RTK-type genes are aberrantly expressed in these tumors. Using fluorescence in situ hybridization-based methods, we are studying karyotype changes in a relatively rare subgroup of PTCs, i.e., tumors that arose in children following the 1986 nuclear accident in Chernobyl, Ukraine. Here, we report our technical developments and progress in deciphering complex chromosome aberrations in case S48TK, an aggressively growing PTC cell line, which shows an unusual high number of unbalanced translocations.”
“Among ITN-owning households with a child under five, 69% used at least one ITN the night before the survey. About half of those children (54%) in ITN-owning households were covered the previous night. A strong and consistent predictor of use is household deployment of at least one ITN. Just over half of all ITNs were observed hanging, and reported use of nets for purposes other than malaria prevention was only 3%.

Median follow up was 4 years. Eighteen basic parameters were measured each in the hind-, mid-, and forefoot. For dimension reduction, we represented a pre-selected set of 9 parameters by two indices (load, rollover). We used ordinal logistic and multiple linear regression to address the questions.\n\nFindings: The midfoot index of load was the most important pedobarographic predictor (interquartile range odds ratio 100; 95% confidence interval 13, 771) for belonging to the healthy volunteers rather than Selleckchem SN-38 the ankle or tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis

groups. Similarly, it was an independent predictor for the AOFAS score (interquartile range effect 5 points; 95% confidence interval 1, 9). Healthy volunteers had a deeper midfoot depression in the force/pressure time graphs compared to patients after arthrodesis.\n\nInterpretation: When evaluating foot function after ankle or tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis, the interpretation of a large number of pedobarographic parameters can be reduced to the interpretation of the midfoot index of load and the evaluation of the force/pressure time graphs. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“BackgroundCommercially available implantable defibrillators utilize a high-tilt waveform. Studies in atrial fibrillation and transthoracic defibrillation of ventricular fibrillation (VF) have shown improved defibrillation efficacy using low-tilt (LT) waveforms.

We investigated the feasibility, efficacy, and safety of a LT waveform in the transvenous defibrillation of VF and hypothesized that it would be more efficacious than standard click here tilted biphasic (STB) waveforms. Methods and ResultsThe investigation was performed in four phases in a porcine model: an efficacy study of LT monophasic waveforms (n= 9), an efficacy study of LT biphasic waveforms (n= 9), a comparison study between the most successful LT waveforms Fer-1 and clinically available STB waveforms (n= 15), and a safety study (n= 9). A total of 1,056 shocks were delivered (phase 1: 288, phase 2:

288, phase 3: 480). The LT biphasic 8/4-ms waveform was significantly more likely to successfully defibrillate than the LT monophasic and STB waveforms with an odds ratio of 122.3 (95% confidence interval: 32.5, 460.2, P smaller than 0.001). The calculated defibrillation threshold (E50) for the LT 8/4-ms waveform was 12.7 J compared to 43.5 J and 45.5 J for STB waveforms 6/6 ms and 8/4 ms, respectively, and 47.7 J for LT 12-ms waveform. The LT 8/4-ms waveform had no lasting detrimental effect on cardiac function, and any transient hemodynamical or biochemical changes observed were comparable to those observed with STB waveforms. ConclusionLT waveforms are effective and appear safe in transvenous defibrillation in a porcine model of VF. The LT biphasic 8/4-ms waveform is more efficacious than conventional waveforms.

3 mg gallic acid per 100 gDW and 890 +/- 47.6 mg rutin per 100 gDW, respectively. Mean free radical scavenging activities, determined by DPPH and ABTS, are 1337 +/- 126.2

mM TEAC per 100 gDW and 1105.7 +/- 95.9 mM TEAC per 100 gDW, respectively. All findings improve the possible presence of biologically active fractions in phytocomplex that could be used as such and/or extracted for the formulation of supplements and/or ingredients GSK1120212 molecular weight for the pharmaceutical industry.”
“Aim The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of fibrinogen concentrate therapy for women with obstetric hemorrhage complicated by dilutional or consumptive coagulopathy by retrospectively reviewing the medical records of relevant patients from a single tertiary

center. Material and Methods Eighteen cases of coagulopathy (8 dilutional, 10 consumptive) administered fibrinogen concentrate at our check details center over the past 5 years for treating hypofibrinogenemia were identified. Hemoglobin levels, platelet counts, fibrinogen levels, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and D-dimer levels were examined before and after fibrinogen substitution. Units of red blood cells, fresh frozen plasma, and pooled platelet concentrates transfused; blood loss volume; patient outcomes; and adverse events were obtained from medical and laboratory records. Results The overall response to fibrinogen concentrate was considered good in 12 cases,

moderate in four, and poor in two. The response rate was good or moderate in 88% (7/8) of dilutional coagulopathy cases and 89% (9/10) of consumptive coagulopathy cases. Fibrinogen levels significantly increased after fibrinogen substitution therapy (approximately Selleck cancer metabolism inhibitor 40mg/L per g fibrinogen concentrate) in both groups. Although prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time improved after substitution, hemoglobin levels, platelet counts, and D-dimer levels remained unchanged. No serious adverse event was causally associated with fibrinogen substitution therapy. Conclusion Fibrinogen concentrate substitution therapy for obstetric hemorrhage increases fibrinogen levels and appears to be effective in managing dilutional or consumptive coagulopathy.”
“Two cytotoxic constituents, namely elegaphenone and 7-epi-clusianone, were isolated from the aerial parts of Hypericum elegans Stepan ex Willd. Elegaphenone was identified as (E)-(2-(3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienyloxy)-4,6- dihydroxyphenyl)(phenyl) methanone by means of spectral evidence. Both compounds showed prominent cytotoxicity on HD-MY-Z, K-562 and KE-37 tumour cell lines. The IC50 values for elegaphenone were 15.9 (HD-MY-Z), 13.9 (K-562) and 16.9 (KE-37) mu mol while those of 7-epi-clusianone were 9.8 (HD-MY-Z), 11.8 (K-562) and 13.6 (KE-37) mmol.