These findings suggest I-BET-762 order that interactions between genes influencing alcohol metabolism are influenced by gender and might affect QARTs differently between the milder-/non-drinkers and AUD cases. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Acute liver failure (ALF) is a life-threatening disease that has proven difficult to cure. In Western

countries, acetaminophen (APAP) poisoning is the most common cause of ALF. However, the mode of cell death in APAP-induced ALF cases is controversial. Previous studies have shown that administration of anti-interleukin-1 (anti-IL-1) antibody attenuated APAP-induced liver injury, and that administration of anti-IL-1 receptor antagonist (anti-IL-1Ra) antibody exacerbated

organ injury. These results prompted us to investigate the roles of IL-1Ra in APAP-induced ALF mice. Our results show that administration of recombinant human IL-1Ra (rhIL-1Ra) could significantly improve the survival rate of mice with ALF induced by APAP. Furthermore, we found that rhIL-1Ras could dramatically inhibit the activities of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in serum, reduce the death of hepatocytes and accelerate the proliferation of hepatocytes. In addition, we show that hepatocellular apoptosis rather than necrosis was the major cause of ALF-induced animal death, and that the anti-apoptosis role of rhIL-1Ra was mediated by reducing the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria, and the activities of caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9 PU-H71 supplier in the liver tissue. In conclusion, these data indicate that rhIL-1Ra is a promising candidate for the treatment of APAP-induced ALF in mice through the reduction of hepatocellular apoptosis. Laboratory Investigation (2010) 90, 1737-1746; doi:10.1038/labinvest.2010.127; published online 19 July 2010″
“Deimination is a

post-translational modification of proteins in which selected arginine amino acids are enzymatically converted to citrullines. Using dual-color immunofluorescence and an established monoclonal antibody (F95) against peptidyl-citrulline selleck chemicals llc moieties, the present study is the first to compare immunohistochemical staining patterns for deiminated proteins in human substantia nigra (SN) from patients with Parkinson disease (PD) versus similar control specimens supplied by the Harvard Brain Bank In control SN sections, many tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive dopamine neurons were seen surrounded either by small fibers immunoreactive for deiminated proteins, or large reactive astrocytes, co-localized with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). However, in SN specimens from PD patients, immunoreactivity for deiminated proteins was also demonstrated within the cytoplasm of many surviving dopamine neurons that were also immunoreactive for TH, but this staining was not specifically restricted to Lewy bodies.

Materials and Methods: From 1980 to 2009, 660 partial nephrectomies were performed at 4 centers for tumor in a solitary functioning kidney under cold (300) or warm (360) ischemia. Data were collected in institutional review board approved registries and followup averaged 4.5 years. Preoperative and postoperative glomerular

Selleckchem PF-6463922 filtration rates were estimated via the Chronic Kidney Disease-Epidemiology Study equation.

Results: At 3 months after partial nephrectomy median glomerular filtration rate decreased by equivalent amounts with cold or warm ischemia (21% vs 22%, respectively, p = 0.7), although median cold ischemic times were much longer (45 vs 22 minutes respectively, p <0.001). On multivariable analyses increasing age, larger tumor size, lower

preoperative glomerular filtration rate and longer ischemia time were associated with decreased postoperative glomerular filtration rate (p <0.05). When percentage of parenchyma spared was incorporated into the analysis, this factor and preoperative glomerular filtration rate proved to be the primary determinants of ultimate renal function, and duration of ischemia Wortmannin research buy lost statistical significance.

Conclusions: This nonrandomized, comparative study suggests that within the relatively strict parameters of conventional practice, ie predominantly short ischemic intervals and liberal use of hypothermia, ischemia time was not an independent predictor of ultimate renal function after partial nephrectomy. Long-term renal function after partial nephrectomy is determined primarily by the quantity and quality of renal parenchyma preserved, although type and duration of ischemia remain the most important modifiable factors, and warrant further study.”
“When an acoustic stimulus

that is sufficiently intense to elicit a startle response is delivered in conjunction with else the “”go”" signal in a simple reaction time (RT) task, RT is greatly reduced. It has been suggested that this effect is due to the startle interacting with voluntary response channels to directly trigger the preprogrammed action. Alternatively, it may be that the startling stimulus simply increases activation along the sensory and motor pathways allowing for faster stimulus-response processing. In the present study a startling acoustic stimulus (SAS) was presented in addition to a visual or an auditory imperative stimulus (IS) in a simple RT task. Results showed that the pre-programmed response was initiated much faster when participants were startled. However, while differences in RT due to IS modality were observed in control trials, this difference was absent for startle trials. This result indicates that the SAS does not simply speed processing along the normal stimulus-response channels, but acts to release the pre-planned movement via a separate, faster neural pathway. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Therefore, the present study was designed to explore the neuroprotective role of H2S on Hcy-induced neurodegeneration and neurovascular dysfunction. To test this hypothesis we employed wild-type (WT) males

ages 8-10 weeks, WT + artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF), WT + Hcy (0.5 mu mol/mu l) intracerebral injection (IC, one time only prior to NaHS treatment), WT + Hcy + NaHS (sodium hydrogen sulfide, precursor of H2S, 30 mu mol/kg, body weight). NaHS was injected i.p. once daily for the period of 7 days after the Hcy (IC) injection. Hcy treatment significantly increased malondialdehyde, nitrite level, acetylcholinestrase activity, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, glial fibrillary acidic protein, inducible nitric oxide synthase, endothelial nitric oxide synthase and decreased glutathione level indicating KU55933 ic50 oxidative-nitrosative stress and neuroinflammation as compared to control and aCSF-treated groups. Further, increased RG7112 datasheet expression of neuron-specific enolase, S100B and decreased expression of (post-synaptic density-95, synaptosome-associated protein-97) synaptic protein indicated neurodegeneration. Brain sections of Hcy-treated mice showed damage in the cortical

area and periventricular cells. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated, dUTP nick-end labeling-positive cells and Fluro Jade-C staining indicated apoptosis and neurodegeneration. The increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) MMP9, MMP2 and decreased expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP) TIMP-1, TIMP-2, tight junction proteins (zonula occulden 1)

in Hcy-treated group indicate neurovascular remodeling. Interestingly, NaHS treatment significantly attenuated Hcy-induced oxidative stress, memory deficit, neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation and cerebrovascular remodeling. The results indicate that H2S is effective in providing protection against neurodegeneration Prostatic acid phosphatase and neurovascular dysfunction. (C) 2013 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Central glutamate neurotransmission has been postulated to play a role in pathophysiology of depression and in the mechanism of antidepressants. The present study was undertaken to elucidate the effect and the possible mechanism of bupropion, an atypical antidepressant, on endogenous glutamate release in nerve terminals of rat cerebral cortex (synaptosomes). Result showed that bupropion exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP)-evoked release of glutamate. The effect of bupropion on the evoked glutamate release was prevented by the chelating the intrasynaptosomal Ca(2+) ions, and by the vesicular transporter inhibitor, but was insensitive to the glutamate transporter inhibitor. Bupropion decreased depolarization-induced increase in [Ca(2+)](C), whereas it did not alter the resting synaptosomal membrane potential or 4-AP-mediated depolarization.

“
“The West Nile virus strain Kunjin virus ( WNV(KUN)) NS4A protein is a multifunctional protein involved in membrane proliferation, stimulation of cellular pathways, and evasion of host defense and is a major component of the WNV(KUN) RNA replication complex. We identified a highly conserved region ( (120)P-E-P-E(123)) upstream of the viral protease dibasic cleavage site and investigated whether this motif was required for WNV(KUN) replication. Single point mutations

to alanine and a PEPE deletion mutation were eFT508 research buy created in a full-length infectious WNV(KUN) molecular clone. All mutations drastically impaired viral replication and virion production, except that of the P122A mutant, which was slightly attenuated. These mutations were subsequently transferred to a WNV(KUN) replicon to specifically

assess effects on RNA replication alone. Again, all mutants, except P122A, showed severely reduced negative-sense RNA production as well as decreased viral protein production. Correspondingly, immunofluorescence analyses showed a lack of double-stranded RNA ( dsRNA) labeling and a dispersed localization of the WNV(KUN) proteins, suggesting that replication complex formation was additionally impaired. Attempts to rescue replication via conservative mutants largely failed except for substitution of Asp at E121, suggesting that Ulixertinib a negative charge at this residue is equally important. Analysis of viral protein processing suggested that cleavage of the 2K peptide from NS4A did not occur with the mutant constructs. These observations imply that the combined effects of proline and negatively charged residues within the PEPE peptide are essential to promote the

cleavage of 2K from NS4A, which is a prerequisite for efficient WNV replication.”
“Objective: AZD9291 mouse To examine the prevalence of acute stress disorder (ASD) after a myocardial infarction (MI) and the factors associated with its development. Methods: Of 1344 MI patients admitted to three Canadian hospitals, 474 patients did not meet the inclusion criteria and 393 declined participation in the study; 477 patients consented to participate in the study. A structured interview and questionnaires were administered to patients 48 hours to 14 days post MI (mean +/- standard deviation = 4 +/- 2.73 days). Results: Four percent were classified as having ASD using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, ASD module. The presence of symptoms of depression (Beck Depression Inventory;, odds ratio (OR) = 29.92) and the presence of perceived distress during the MI (measured using the question “”How difficult/upsetting was the experience of your MI?”"; OR = 3.42, R(2) = .35) were associated with the presence of symptoms of ASD on the Modified PTSD Symptom Scale. The intensity of the symptoms of depression was associated with the intensity of ASD symptoms (R = .65).

5-HT, but not the two 5-HT2C receptor agonists, inhibited escape performance. In the elevated T-maze, inhibitory avoidance and escape responses have

been related to generalized anxiety and panic attacks, respectively. The behavioral effects caused by 5-HT and MK-212 were fully blocked by previous local microinjection of the 5-HT2C receptor antagonist SB-242084. Intra-dPAG injection of MK-212 also see more failed to affect escape expression in another test relating this behavior to panic, the electrical stimulation of the dPAG. Overall, the results indicate that 5-HT2C receptors in the dPAG are preferentially involved in the regulation of defensive behaviors related to anxiety, but not panic. This finding extends to the dPAG the prominent role that has been attributed to 5-HT2C receptors in anxiety generation. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The performance

was assessed of a new, rapid, visual and qualitative immunoassay for the detection of HIV p24 antigen (Ag) and antibodies (Ab) to HIV-1 and HIV-2. Characterised serum or plasma specimens from patients diagnosed with HIV infection were tested: 179 samples of known Ab-positive patients harbouring different subtypes of BAY 1895344 manufacturer HIV-1 (n = 154) and HIV-2 (n = 25) and 200 samples from individuals not infected with HIV. The assay’s Ag sensitivity was assessed by testing HIV seroconversion panels (n = 10) and primary HIV infection specimens (n = 57). In addition, the influence of the genetic variability of HIV-1 on Ag detection was evaluated using dilutions of culture supernatants infected with different subtypes (n = 50). The performance of the rapid test was compared to a “”gold standard”" testing algorithm with the use of a single Ag ELISA and with the Vironostika (R) HIV Uni-Form II selleck Ag/Ab test, a fourth-generation ELISA. The new assay, the Determine (TM) HIV-1/2 Combo demonstrated 100% (98.2-100.0) Ab specificity (200/200) and 100% (98.0-100.0) Ab sensitivity (179/179). In these samples, the observed Ag sensitivity was 86.6% (58/67) with the Determine (TM) HIV-1/2 Combo test and 92.5% (62/67) with the Vironostika compared to the

reference single Ag ELISA. The assay could not detect Ag in one group 0, one subtype F and two subtype H cell supernatant isolates. None of the HIV-2 Ag could be detected. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“We investigated the impact of electric shocks frequently used to model post-traumatic stress disorder in rodents on behaviors relevant to drug abuse in rats. Rats exposed to 10 shocks of 3 mA over 5 min showed a robust conditioned fear 28 days later, which confirms the traumatic nature of shock exposure. A different set of rats was studied in the conditioned place preference paradigm beginning with the 27th post-shock day. 10 mg/kg morphine induced a marked place preference in both shocked and non-shocked rats.

CAP256 showed a subtype bias, preferentially neutralizing subtype C and A viruses over subtype B viruses. CAP256 BCN serum targeted a quaternary epitope which included the BAY 63-2521 solubility dmso V1V2 region. Further mapping identified residues F159, N160, L165, R166, D167, K169, and K171 (forming the FN/LRD-K-K motif) in the V2 region as crucial to the CAP256 epitope. However, the fine specificity of the BCN response varied over time and, while consistently dependent on R166 and K169, became gradually less dependent on D167 and K171, possibly contributing to the incremental increase in breadth over 4 years. The presence of an intact FN/LRD-K-K motif in heterologous viruses was associated with sensitivity, although

the length of the adjacent V1 loop modulated the degree of sensitivity, with a shorter V1 region significantly associated with higher titers. Repair

R406 purchase of the FN/LRD-K-K motif in resistant heterologous viruses conferred sensitivity, with titers sometimes exceeding 1: 10,000. Comparison of the CAP256 epitope with that of the PG9/PG16 monoclonal antibodies suggested that these epitopes overlapped, adding to the mounting evidence that this may represent a common neutralization target that should be further investigated as a potential vaccine candidate.”
“FE65 is reported to act as an adaptor protein with several protein-interaction domains, including one WW domain and two phosphotyrosine interaction/binding domains. Through these binding domains, FE65 was considered to recruit various binding partners together to form functional complexes in a certain cellular compartment. In this study, we demonstrated that Rac1, a member of the Rho family GTPases, bound with FE65. We also elucidated that Rac1 inhibitor significantly find more suppressed FE65 expression, and Rac1 small interfering RNA transduction significantly

decreased FE65 expression. FE65 small interfering RNA, however, did not influence Rac1 expression and its activity. Taken together, our results reveal that Rac1 interacts with FE65, and Rac1 activity regulates FE65 expression. NeuroReport 22:716-720 (C) 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.”
“Human APOBEC3H (A3H) has one cytidine deaminase domain (CDD) and inhibits the replication of retrotransposons and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in a Vif-resistant manner. Human A3H has five single amino acid polymorphisms (N15 Delta, R18L, G105R, K121D, and E178D), and four haplotypes (I to IV) have previously been identified in various human populations. Haplotype II was primarily found in African-derived populations, and it was the only one that could be stably expressed. Here, we identified three new haplotypes from six human population samples, which we have named V, VI, and VII. Haplotypes V and VII are stably expressed and inhibit HIV-1 replication.

(C) 2010 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Electrocortical activity is increasingly being used to study emotion regulation and the impact of cognitive control on neural response to visual stimuli. In the current study, we used direct epidural cortical stimulation (EpCS) to examine regional specificity of PFC stimulation on the parietally-maximal late positive potential (LPP), an event-related potential (ERP) biomarker of visual attention to salient stimuli. Five patients with treatment-resistant mood disorders were stereotactically implanted with stimulating paddles over frontopolar

(FP) and dorsolateral (DL) prefrontal cortex bilaterally. On their first day of activation, patients underwent sham-controlled EpCS coupled with 64-channel electroencephalograph (EEG) PKC412 solubility dmso recordings

and passive viewing of aversive and neutral images. In addition to sham, patients had either FP or DL prefrontal cortex stimulated at 2 or 4 V while they viewed neutral and aversive pictures. As expected during the sham condition, LPP was larger for aversive compared to neutral stimuli (F(1,4)=232.07, P<.001). Stimulation of DL compared to FP prefrontal cortex resulted in a reduction of ARRY-162 molecular weight the LPP (F(1,4)=8.15, P=.048). These data provide additional and unique support to the role of the DL prefrontal cortex in regulating measures of neural activity that have been linked to emotional

arousal and attention. Future studies with EpCS can help directly map out various prefrontal functions in treatment-resistant mood disorder. (C) 2010 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The identification of biomarkers represents a fundamental medical advance that can lead to an improved understanding of disease pathogenesis, and holds the potential to define surrogate diagnostic and prognostic endpoints. Because of the inherent difficulties in assessing brain function in patients and objectively identifying neurological and cognitive/emotional symptoms, future application of biomarkers to neurological and psychiatric disorders is extremely desirable. This article discusses the biomarker potential of the granin family, a group of acidic ioxilan proteins present in the secretory granules of a wide variety of endocrine, neuronal and neuroendocrine cells: chromogranin A (CgA), CgB, Secretogranin II (SgII), SgIII, HISL-19 antigen, 7B2, NESP55, VGF and ProSAAS. Their relative abundance, functional significance, and secretion into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), saliva, and the general circulation have made granins tractable targets as biomarkers for many diseases of neuronal and endocrine origin, recently impacting diagnosis of a number of neurological and psychiatric disorders including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer’s disease, frontotemporal dementia, and schizophrenia.

Conclusions: Treatment with I-131-MIBG call be considered for patients if Surgery is not feasible. There are significant selleck kinase inhibitor risks associated with this treatment, but the Majority of patients will respond. Treatment with I-131-MIBG

should be done at institutions With experience ill delivering targeted radiotherapeutics. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“To examine the pathway of the coreceptor switching of CCR5-using (R5) virus to CXCR4-using (X4) virus in simian-human immunodeficiency virus SHIVSF162P3N-infected rhesus macaque BR24, analysis was performed on variants present at 20 weeks postinfection, the time when the signature gp120 V3 loop sequence of the X4 switch variant was first detected by PCR. Unexpectedly, circulating and tissue variants with His/Ile instead of the signature X4 V3 His/Arg insertions predominated at this time point. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences of the C2 conserved region to the V5 variable loop of the envelope (Env) protein showed that viruses bearing HI insertions represented evolutionary intermediates between the parental SHIVSF162P3N

and the final X4 HR switch variant. Functional analyses demonstrated that the III variants were phenotypic intermediates as well, Savolitinib capable of using both CCR5 and CXCR4 for entry. However, the R5X4 intermediate virus entered CCR5-expressing target cells less efficiently than the parental R5 strain and was more sensitive to both CCR5 and CXCR4 inhibitors than either the parental R5 or the final X4 virus. It Idoxuridine was also more sensitive than the parental R5 virus to antibody neutralization,

especially to agents directed against the CD4 binding site, but not as sensitive as the late X4 virus. Significantly, the V3 loop sequence that determined CXCR4 use also conferred soluble CD4 neutralization sensitivity. Collectively, the data illustrate that, similar to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in individuals, the evolution from CCR5 to CXCR4 usage in BR24 transitions through an intermediate phase with reduced virus entry and coreceptor usage efficiencies. The data further support a model linking an open envelope gp120 conformation, better CD4 binding, and expansion to CXCR4 usage.”
“Pheochromocytomas/paragangliomas are rare tumors; most are sporadic. Biochemical proof of disease is better with measurement of plasma metanephrines and less cumbersome than determinations in urine; its implementation is expanding. Anatomical imaging with computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging should be followed by functional (nuclear medicine) imaging: chromaffin tumor-specific specific methods are preferred. Treatment is surgical; for nonoperable disease other options are available. overall 5-year survival is 50%. Carcinoid tumors derive From serotonin-producing enterochromaffin cells in the fore-, mid- or hindgut.

Pulse-chase analysis showed that the rates and amount of cryparin being secreted by the CHV1 containing strains was much lower than in noninfected strains, and the dwell time of cryparin within the cell after labeling was significantly greater in the CHV1-infected strains than in the noninfected ones. These results suggest that the virus perturbs a specific late TGN secretory pathway resulting in buildup of a key protein important for fungal development.”
“Mania is a core feature of bipolar disorder (BD) that traditionally

is assessed using rating scales. Studies using a new human behavioral pattern monitor (BPM) recently demonstrated that manic BD patients exhibit a specific profile of behavior that differs from schizophrenia and is characterized by increased motor activity,

increased specific exploration, and perseverative LEE011 locomotor patterns as assessed by spatial d.

It was hypothesized that disrupting dopaminergic homeostasis by inhibiting dopamine transporter (DAT) function would produce a BD mania-like phenotype in mice as assessed by the mouse BPM.

We compared the spontaneous locomotor and exploratory behavior of C57BL/6J mice treated with the catecholamine transporter inhibitor amphetamine or the selective DAT inhibitor GBR 12909 in the mouse BPM. We also assessed the duration of the effect of GBR 12909 by testing mice in the BPM for 3 h and its potential strain dependency by testing 129/SvJ mice.

Amphetamine produced find more hyperactivity and increased perseverative patterns of locomotion as reflected in reduced spatial d values but reduced exploratory activity in contrast to the increased exploration observed in BD patients. GBR 12909 increased activity and reduced spatial d in combination with increased exploratory

behavior, irrespective of inbred strain. These effects persisted for at Ribonucleotide reductase least 3 h.

Thus, selectively inhibiting the DAT produced a long-lasting cross-strain behavioral profile in mice that was consistent with that observed in manic BD patients. These findings support the use of selective DAT inhibition in animal models of the impaired dopaminergic homeostasis putatively involved in the pathophysiology of BD mania.”
“We investigated whether P2X(7) antagonists rescue retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in culture and after optic nerve crush (ONC) injury. Rats were sacrificed 7 days after retrograde labeling of RGCs with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), and the retinas were enzymatically dissociated in vitro and incubated with P2X(7) antagonists or agonists for 3 days. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and benzoylbenzoyl ATP were used as P2X(7) agonists, and oxidized ATP and brilliant blue G were used as P2X(7) antagonists. DAPI-positive and calcein-positive RGCs were counted to determine the number of living cells.

Methods: A prospective study was designed in which 165 patients with symptomatic,

unilateral, first-episode DVT were randomized to a long-term anticoagulant treatment with coumarin or enoxaparin during at least 3 months. The rate of thrombus regression was defined as the difference in Marder score after 3 months of treatment by venography. Follow-up was performed at 3, 6, and 12 months, and yearly thereafter for 5 years. Venous disease was related to pathologic severity of PTS according to the validated scale of Villalta as rated by a physician blinded to treatment. Recurrence of symptomatic venous thromboembolism was documented objectively.

Results. The 5-year follow-up period was completed for 100 patients (enoxaparin, 56; coumarin, 44). A lesser incidence this website of PTS was observed in the enoxaparin group (39.3% absent, 19.6% severe) than in the coumarin group (29.5% absent, 29.5% severe), although this difference

was not statistically significant. The accumulated recurrence rate was 19.3% with enoxaparin compared with 36.6% with coumarin (P =.02). Although the mean Marder score was significantly improved in both groups (49.1% for enoxaparin vs 24.0% for coumarin; P =.016), a lower Angiogenesis inhibitor reduction in thrombus size was associated with higher clinical events of recurrence (hazard ratio = 1.97; 95% CI, 1.06-3.66; P =.032). A significant inverse correlation was also found between the degree of thrombus regression at 3 months and the incidence at 5 years of PTS (P =.007).

Conclusions: Residual venous thrombosis is an important risk factor for recurrent thromboembolism and PTS. A greater reduction in thrombus size was associated with lesser clinical events of recurrence and consequently a lesser rate of PTS. However, despite a greater recanalization with enoxaparin, the incidence of PTS was similar between both treatment groups, probably because of the small sample size. Further investigations are needed to clarify the implication

of the anticoagulant treatment in the severity of PTS.”
“Background: Lower extremity chronic venous disease is due to venous hypertension resulting from reflux and/or obstruction. Studies of venous valvular Angiogenesis chemical function have validated and quantified valve closure times defining normal and abnormal valve function, and investigators have categorized the amount of venous reflux with validated criteria. However, hemodynamics; of venous outflow obstruction remains poorly defined. The purpose of this study is to assess whether chronic venous disease alters arterial inflow at rest or during hyperemic limb challenge, and whether there are differences in patients with primary chronic venous insufficiency (1 degrees CVI) versus those with postthrombotic venous disease.

Methods. Twenty-two normal limbs and 32 limbs in patients with chronic venous disease (C-3 or greater) were examined between September 2006 and January 2008.