In general, amplitude and latency of the component are considered to be influenced by (unconscious) expectancy,4 task relevance, novelty, contextual constraints,

and motivational significance (see e.g., Nieuwenhuis et al., 2005). Of most interest to our study, the P300 has been assumed to be related to domain-general context-updating processes and to reflect selleck compound the revision of a mental model or the “conditions of the environment” (Donchin and Coles (1988, p. 367); but see Verleger (1988) and the following commentaries). Our design strictly followed a simple pattern of lead-in–context-question–target-sentence, revealing all referents given in the lead-in. The reduced late positivity in response to the sentence-initial object following the topic context could index a reduced need for general context updating, find more because the listener is less “surprised” about the object if previously announced as the topic of the scene compared to the neutral context. Thus, in line with Cowles (2003) who also reported a contextually modulated late

positivity (i.e., the Late Positive Component (LPC)) during sentence comprehension, the late positivity in our study could reflect context-updating processes in terms of the P300. Notably, a number of authors argue against the context-updating interpretation of the P300 in favor of a general reflection of simple attentional, evaluative, or memory mechanisms (for a review, see Nieuwenhuis et al., 2005). Hence, it remains Cell press a matter of debate if late positivities/P600 responses elicited by sentences really belong to the P300 family or whether they should be considered an independent component (e.g., Coulson et al., 1998 and Roehm et al., 2007; see Brouwer, Fitz,

& Hoeks, 2012 for a related discussion of the P600 in response to semantic violations or illusions). The N400 has been described as another ERP component sensitive to discourse level information. It is thought to reflect processing costs for linking an entity to the current mental model (Burkhardt, 2006, Burkhardt and Roehm, 2007 and Wang and Schumacher, 2013). The SDM assumes that discourse linking processes are driven by expectancy as indexed by a modulation of the N400 (see Sections 1.2 and 1.3). In these studies, the degree of inferability, expectancy, or accessibility of an entity in the mental model modulated the N400: The N400 for previously given, expected, or repeated noun phrases was reduced because those entities were easier to link to the current discourse. Importantly, due to the preceding lead-in context in our study which was identical for the neutral and the topic condition, both characters of the scene were discourse-given (Prince, 1981).

Model recognition and prediction abilities were defined as the percentage of members of the calibration and evaluation sets that were correctly classified, respectively. The statistical package XLSTAT Sensory 2010 (Addinsoft, New York) was employed for all the chemometric calculations. Average spectra obtained for roasted coffee, coffee husks and corn samples are shown in Fig. 1. A comparative evaluation of the average data indicates somewhat similar spectra, with most SP600125 clinical trial of the significant bands concentrated in

the following ranges: 3000–2800 and 1800–700 cm−1. In general, absorbance values were higher for coffee and lower for corn. Two sharp bands at 2923 and 2854 cm−1 can be clearly seen in the spectrum corresponding to roasted coffee. Such bands have been previously reported present in spectra of roasted Arabica and Robusta coffee samples (Craig et al., 2012b; Kemsley et al., 1995) and also of crude coffee samples (Craig et al., 2011, 2012a). Paradkar and Irudayaraj (2002) also reported two sharp peaks

at 2882 and 2829 cm−1 in samples of caffeinated beverages such as coffee, tea and soft drinks. The band at 2829 cm−1 was attributed to stretching of C–H Obeticholic Acid order bonds of methyl (–CH3) group in the caffeine molecule, being successfully used to develop predictive models for quantitative analysis of caffeine (Paradkar & Irudayaraj, 2002). The same bands can be identified in the spectra obtained for roasted coffee husks and roasted corn at 2923 and 2854 cm−1 and at 2925 and 2848 cm−1, respectively. Both bands present lower absorbance values in the spectra obtained for coffee husks and corn compared to coffee. Furthermore, the second band is less evident in coffee husks and corn in comparison to coffee. Coffee husks have been reported to present similar levels of caffeine (∼1 g/100 g dry basis) in comparison to coffee beans,

whereas corn does not contain any caffeine. Other FTIR studies on corn and corn flour have also reported two bands at 2927–2925 and 2855 cm−1, being respectively attributed to asymmetric and symmetric C–H stretching in lipids (Cremer & Kaletunç, 2003; Greene, Gordon, Jackson, & Bennett, 1992). Although the samples in those studies were not submitted to roasting, the lipids content is not expected to vary during Rho roasting of corn, as it is known to occur with coffee, and the peak assignment to C–H stretching in lipids might still be valid. Furthermore, the reported amounts of lipids (Gouvea, Torres, Franca, Oliveira, & Oliveira, 2009; Moreau, 2002; Oliveira, Franca, Mendonça, & Barros-Junior, 2006) present in coffee husks (1.5–3 g/100 g) are quite low in comparison to coffee beans (12–16 g/100 g) and corn kernels (3–5 g/100 g). Therefore, such bands may be affected by both caffeine and lipids levels in the case of coffee, and are most likely primarily associated to caffeine in the case of coffee husks and only to lipids in the case of roasted corn.

There was a significant decrease in sCTX-1 from baseline in both treatment groups at month 1 and a significantly

greater reduction was observed with denosumab treatment compared with risedronate treatment: median (IQR) percentage change of − 77.7% (− 85.9%, − 67.6%) for denosumab and − 17.0% (− 36.8%, − 1.6%) for risedronate (p < 0.0001; Fig. 4). Median reductions in sCTX-1 at month 6 were also greater in the denosumab group compared with the risedronate group: median (IQR) percentage change of − 60.6% (− 77.0%, − 48.8%) for denosumab and Dabrafenib datasheet –22.5% (− 41.9%, 11.4%) for risedronate (p < 0.0001). The BMD mean percentage changes from baseline at month 12 by tertiles (< 0.23, ≥ 0.23 to < 0.37, and ≥ 0.37 ng/mL) of baseline sCTX-1 for each skeletal site are reported in Fig. 5. This additional analysis showed that subjects treated with denosumab, compared with risedronate, demonstrated significantly greater gains in lumbar spine BMD at month 12 at each tertile of baseline sCTX-1 (p < 0.01; Fig. 5). Significantly greater gains in total hip and femoral neck BMD were also observed among subjects in the middle and highest tertiles of baseline sCTX-1 (p < 0.01). At all sites the magnitude of the BMD gain was significantly more EGFR inhibitor pronounced in the middle and highest sCTX-1 tertiles (treatment-by-sCTX-1 tertile

interaction p-values < 0.01). The post-hoc analysis showed that nearly half of the enrolled population was at higher risk for fracture: 46.4% and 45.5% of risedronate- and denosumab-treated subjects, respectively. These higher-risk subjects demonstrated BMD gains that were consistent with findings in the overall population (Fig. 6). Overall, the subject incidences of AEs were 293 subjects Histidine ammonia-lyase (68.3%) in the risedronate group and

269 subjects (62.7%) in the denosumab group, with the most frequently experienced AEs (≥ 4% in either treatment group [risedronate, denosumab]) being hypertension (2.6%, 4.2%), arthralgia (4.4%, 4.0%), nasopharyngitis (4.2%, 3.5%), and constipation (5.1%, 3.3%). Most of the AEs in both groups were categorized as being either mild or moderate in severity (Table 2). SAEs were reported for 8.2% of risedronate-treated subjects and 7.7% of denosumab-treated subjects. There was no evidence of clustering of SAEs within any given system organ class or high-level group term in either treatment group. SAEs reported for ≥ 2 denosumab-treated subjects were osteoarthritis, radius fracture, cerebral ischemia, cerebrovascular accident, arthralgia, and atrial fibrillation; these SAEs were each experienced by 2 (0.5%) denosumab-treated subjects. In the risedronate treatment group, the most frequently reported SAEs (2 [0.5%] subjects each) were breast cancer and coronary artery stenosis; all other SAEs were experienced at an incidence of 1 subject each. One death due to cardiac arrest was reported in a risedronate-treated subject.

Further studies into the time sequence of recruitment, and the physiology of BMDCs might elucidate the preferential healing of mucosal wounds as compared to skin wounds. This knowledge may contribute to the development of new therapies for difficult healing wounds. Research selleck chemical was funded by the Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre. None declared. Ethical approval was given by the Board for animal experiments (DEC nr 2008-051). “
“The ability to preserve the female gamete is becoming an integral part of assisted reproductive

techniques (ARTs) as it increases the availability of oocytes for use in such techniques. Successful cryopreservation of the oocyte would allow for the preservation of genetic resources of farm and wild animals as well as the preservation of gametes of women with premature loss of ovarian function. However, because of their large size and marked sensitivity to cooling, the cryopreservation of oocytes is very difficult in most mammals. Up

to now, the standard method used to cryopreserve mammalian oocytes has been slow freezing, which includes slow cooling rates and low concentrations of cryoprotectants agents. Vitrification, which uses rapid cooling rates and a very high concentration of cryoprotectants to prevent the formation of ice crystals, usually replaces slow freezing. This method has been utilized in several species of domestic animals, such as sheep [7], horses [34], cats [16] and cattle [21] and [33]. Z-VAD-FMK ic50 However, the overall success of the oocytes in developing to the blastocyst stage is still very low. Multiple attempts have been made for improving the efficiency of oocyte vitrification by maximizing the cooling rate and minimizing the cryoprotectant concentration. One approach for achieving a rapid cooling rate is to

reduce the volume of the vitrification solution. In this regard, various methods have been proposed, initially MDS was developed by Arav in 1992 [28], and then many other devices were developed such as Open Pulled Straw (OPS) [35], cryoloop [13], hemi-straw [37] and cryotop [12]. Among these methods, DCLK1 cryotop uses a very small amount of vitrification solution and is reportedly more practical and efficient for cryopreserving bovine oocytes [21] and [22]. Even with the advantages of the cryotop method compared to others, the results obtained with vitrification of bovine oocytes remain unsatisfactory [5], [19], [21], [22] and [42]. The cell damage that occurs during cryopreservation is caused by several factors, such as osmotic stress, toxicity of the cryoprotectants used, formation of ice crystals with consequent damage to cellular organelles [29] and direct chilling injury (DCI).

9 to 86 s. Delivered volumes versus the demand volumes were plotted in Fig. 5. An excellent linear correlation was found between the demand and

delivered volumes, from 100 μl to 10.00 ml with r2 = 1. Across the entire measured range, the mean delivered volume was found to be 97.8% of the demanded volume. The standard deviation of delivered volumes was 7 μl for 100 μl and 20 μl for 10.000 ml demand volumes (mean S.D. was 9 μl in this range). By acquiring the 13C MR signal, the delivery profile of 1.5 ml of hyperpolarized pyruvate at 6.92 ml/min (13 s pumping time) was measured as it was injected into a plastic vial, see Fig. 6a. 13C spectra acquisition started simultaneously with the pump after a trigger signal from the HyperSense. The first detected signal in the vial appeared at 6 s after the injection started, with the maximum signal observed at 13 s – coinciding with the end of the injection time point. selleck chemicals For three repeat injections through a fixed tube, the overlaid absolute integral plots closely matched each other, see Fig. 6b. From measurements of the area of each curve the coefficient of variation was 2%. After the pump system had been tested in vitro

it was then employed for in vivo injections over 13 s into P22 sarcoma bearing BDIX rats using the flow diverter system. With the surface coil positioned over the tumor, 13C spectra were simultaneously acquired both from the tumor and from Tacrolimus ic50 the tail vein cannula located above the surface coil. Fig. 7a shows that the 13C signal from the tail vein

cannula signal first appeared at 3–4 s after the trigger signal started the signal acquisition and injection sequence, reflecting the time of flight of hyperpolarized substrate through the pump and cannula to the rf coil. The tumor pyruvate signal first appeared at 9–12 s after the trigger signal and reached maximum at 21–23 s. There was approximately 13 s between appearance and maximum signal in the observed tumor, closely matching the period of injection. The pH (measured post-injection using IQ150 pH meter, Hach Company, Loveland, CO) of the injected pyruvate was 7.1 ± 0.3 (mean ± S.D.) for Selleck Regorafenib 10 animals. The design of the injection system permitted reproducible administration of hyperpolarized substrate with minimal human intervention. The plastic/non-ferrous construction of the injector allows it to be positioned next to the bore of the magnet (tested at fringe magnetic field strengths of ∼1 T). In this implementation the drive shaft length was chosen so that the drive motor was outside the 5 G line. The drive shaft could be shortened or lengthened in accordance with magnet room layout, although care must be taken over choice of the diameter of longer drive shafts to prevent excessive twisting. An excellent correlation between demanded and delivered volume was found for the tested volumes: from 0.100 to 10.

In order to describe the thalamic data more accurately we next classified neurons by location into those in Vim versus Vop. The Vim mean rates were significantly greater in postural Angiogenesis inhibitor ET than in cerebellar tremor (P<0.01, shown in Fig. 2A), but not different from intention ET or from controls with pain (not shown). The mean Vim firing rate for intention ET was not significantly different from cerebellar tremor (not shown). The Vop mean rates of subjects with postural ET were higher than in cerebellar tremor (P=0.002, not shown). Therefore, firing rates in

postural ET were consistently higher than those in cerebellar tremor. The activity of all neurons included was studied for a response to joint movements during mapping of the thalamus, as described in the Methods. These cells were located in the region anterior ( Fig. 1C: P2) and dorsal to the region in which cells respond to cutaneous stimuli

( Fig. 1C: P1, and Lenz et al. (1988)). The proportions of cells responding to deep sensory stimuli and those not responding to such stimuli are shown by tremor type in Table 2. The proportion of neurons in Vim responding was greater for postural ET than cerebellar tremor (P=0.00012, Chi square with Bonferroni correction) and controls with pain (P=0.048). The number of sensory cells in Vop was different only between intention ET and cerebellar tremor (P=0.02, Fisher with Bonferroni). Since sensory inputs may be an important factor in the relationship of cerebellar tremor and cortical Trametinib purchase activity (Flament et al., 1984, Hore and Flament, 1986 and Vilis and Hore, 1977), we next examined the mean spontaneous rates for sensory cells across the four groups (Fig. 2B). There was a clear and significant change in the firing rate of sensory cells according to patient groups (1-way ANOVA, F=3.47, P<0.05). Post-hoc testing showed that the firing rate of sensory cells in the postural ET group was significantly higher than that of cerebellar tremor and controls with pain. The

rate for intention ET was not different from postural ET. We next examined how the thalamic signal qualitatively differed between groups of patients. The frequency at which peak spike activity G protein-coupled receptor kinase occurred was found for each neuron within the tremor range (1.9–7 Hz) (Lenz et al., 2002). The mean “frequency of peak spike power” occurred at a different frequency for each group of tremor patients (1-way ANOVA, F(3,259)=8.75, P<0.0005). The mean frequency of this peak is significantly higher in postural ET patients (4.8 Hz+0.25, mean+SEM) as compared to cerebellar tremor (3.4 Hz+0.2, post-hoc Newman–Keuls test, P=0.0057) and intention ET (3.7 Hz+0.4, P=0.032). The frequency was not significantly different between intention ET and cerebellar tremor (Newman–Keuls test P=0.34).

“
“Extreme weather events have severe consequences for human society. The impacts of the changing climate will likely be perceived most strongly through changes in intensity and frequency of climate extremes. Studies have found that human activities have contributed http://www.selleckchem.com/products/bgj398-nvp-bgj398.html to an increase in concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases contributing to intensification of heavy rainfall events (Min et al., 2011). In the context of hydrology, the changing climate will likely accelerate the hydrological cycle on a global scale, and subsequently intensify the uneven spatial and temporal distribution of hydrological

resources (Huntington, 2006 and Trenberth, 1999). The intensity of extreme rainfall events is projected to increase under global warming in many parts of the world, even in the regions where mean rainfall decreases (e.g., Semenov and Bengtsson, 2002 and Wilby and Wigley, 2002). Thus climate adaptation strategies for e.g. emergency planning, design of engineering structures, reservoir management, pollution control, or risk calculations rely on knowledge of the frequency of these extreme events (Kumke, 2001). Assessment of these extreme rainfall events is important in hydrological find more risk analysis and design of urban infrastructures.

The increasing trend of rainfall extremes has quantifiable impacts on intensity duration frequency relations (Kao and Ganguly, 2011), and an increase in the intensity and/or frequency of extreme rainfall events Branched chain aminotransferase may result in the flooding of urban areas (Ashley et al., 2005 and Mailhot et al., 2007). In India, rainfall variability is a central driver of the national economy as it is predominantly agricultural. A change in extreme events would have a large impact on the growing economy of India as most of the population live in urban areas. Several studies have

addressed the issue of trends in rainfall in India since last century. Long-term southwest monsoon/annual rainfall trends over India as a whole were previously studied by Parthasarathy et al. (1993) and Rana et al. (2012), among others. Long term trends for the last 50 years indicate a significant decrease in the frequency of moderate-to-heavy rainfall events over most parts of India e.g., Dash et al. (2009) and Naidu et al. (1999). This is corroborated by a significant rise in the frequency and duration of monsoon breaks over India during recent decades (Ramesh Kumar et al., 2009 and Turner and Hannachi, 2010), while the frequency of extreme rainfall events (100 mm/day) have increased in certain parts of the country (Goswami et al., 2006). Future climate studies for India based on climate model simulations suggest that greenhouse driven global warming is likely to intensify the monsoon rainfall over a broad region encompassing South Asia (e.g., Lal et al., 2000, May, 2002, May, 2004, May, 2011, Meehl and Arblaster, 2003 and Rupakumar et al., 2006).

It would take years to accumulate significant

numbers of samples from IAR with histologically proven PanIN2/3 lesions, even in a multicenter study. Nevertheless, the detected significance is strong underscoring the strengths of the finding. Second, neither the murine nor the human samples originated from living beings with pure PanIN2 or PanIN3 lesions, so that we could not determine, whether or to which extent miR-196a and -196b were exclusively expressed by either PanIN2 or PanIN3 lesions. Third, meanwhile other promising miRNAs such as miR-221, miR-27a-3p, miR-10b, and Vorinostat RNU2-1f were reported [41], [42], [43], [44] and [45] that might also have potential value for the diagnosis of PC. However, there are no studies yet that analyzed their discriminatory potential between patients with different PanIN lesions and invasive cancer. In summary, the present study provides first evidence that miR-196a and -196b might be promising biomarkers for the detection of multifocal selleck inhibitor high-grade PanIN lesions and PC in IAR of FPC families. These results should be validated in larger controlled trials. If confirmed, these biomarkers could supplement imaging for an adequate timing of a curative pancreatic resection in IAR of FPC families. This work was supported by the Deutsche Krebshilfe (109126 to E.P.S., V.F., P.L., and

D.K.B.). There exists no financial or other relationship that might lead to a conflict of interest. We thank Helena Honig and Aninja Baier for their excellent technical assistance. We express our appreciation to all patients who participated in the Ceramide glucosyltransferase study. “
“Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide [1]. Transarterial radioembolization (TARE) with yttrium-90 (90Y) microspheres is one of the many treatment options available for patients with unresectable HCC. Because tumors in the liver derive most of their blood supply from the hepatic artery versus the portal vein [2], this therapy preferentially targets the tumor and spares uninvolved liver parenchyma. Prior reports have shown that TARE with 90Y

microspheres is associated with a 42% partial response rate [3] and [4] and longer progression-free survival than chemoembolization [5]. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy has proven to be more efficacious than radiation alone in the majority of gastrointestinal malignancies. A drug which preferentially sensitizes HCC to the cytotoxic effects of low dose rate radiation (LDR) produced by 90Y microspheres would potentially improve the efficacy of this therapy. Candidate drugs for radiosensitization include gemcitabine and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in addition to agents with known efficacy in HCC such as sorafenib. Gemcitabine and 5-FU are used routinely in combination with external beam radiation therapy for several intra-abdominal malignancies including pancreatic and gastric cancer [6], [7] and [8].

Blocking lymphocyte localization to the gastrointestinal mucosa as a therapeutic strategy for inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology PR-171 mouse 2011;140:1776–1784. In the above article it should be noted that Drs Eduardo J. Villablanca and

Barbara Cassani contributed equally to this work. Also, Drs Ulrich H. Von Andrian and J. Rodrigo Mora contributed equally to this work. “
“Hsu P–I, Lai K–H, Liu C–P. Esomeprazole with clopidogrel reduces peptic ulcer recurrence, compared with clopidogrel alone, in patients with atherosclerosis. Gastroenterology 2011;140:791–798.e2. Dr Ping–I Hsu, first author in the above article, is affiliated with Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University. “
“Pawlotsky J–M. The results of phase III clinical trials with telaprevir and boceprevir presented at the liver meeting 2010: a new standard of care for hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection, but with issues still pending. Gastroenterology 2011;140:746–754. On page 751 in the above article, below the paragraph Y-27632 ic50 heading, “What Is the Importance of Adherence to Treatment?” The sentence: “Full adherence to the protease inhibitor may be easier with telaprevir for 12 months than with boceprevir for 24 or 44 months.” should be corrected to read: Full adherence to the protease inhibitor may be easier with telaprevir for 12 weeks than

with boceprevir for 24 or 44 weeks. “
“Hoechst B, Ormandy LA, Ballmaier M, et al. A new population of myeloid-derived

suppressor cells in hepatocellular carcinoma patients induces CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells. Gastroenterology 2008;135: 234–243. In figure 1C of this article, the y-axis was originally labeled as % CD14-HLA-DR-/low. The authors would like to clarify that figure 1C shows the frequency of HLA DR-/low population in CD14+CD19- PBMC. The y-axis of figure 1C has been modified accordingly as %HLA DR-/low cells in CD14+CD19- PBMC in the figure below and in the online version of Gastroenterology. “
“Common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are susceptible to the hardening (hard-to-cook) phenomenon during their shelf life, which has directly affected the consumption of this food. Although bean present many nutrients that make their consumption Adenosine advantageous ( Cardador-Martínez, Loarca-Piña, & Oomah, 2002; Leterme, 2002; Oomah, Corbe, & Balasubramanian, 2010), they have been passed over because of less nutritious foods, or foods with faster cooking time and also precooked foods. This fact is a reflection of changing dietary habits of the population, and especially to the time required for cooking common beans ( Leterme & Muñoz, 2002). Breeding programs aim to develop new cultivars that meet consumer preference for appearance and textural characteristics, so this food of high nutritional value is not completely replaced by poor nutritional foods.

Opis badania powinien obejmować: wielkość (długość), echostrukturę i echogeniczność nerek, ewentualne poszerzenie układu kielichowo-miedniczkowego (miedniczka i kielichy), szerokość moczowodów oraz wielkość i grubość ścian pęcherza moczowego. Poród dziecka, u którego podejrzewa się poważną wadę wrodzoną układu moczowego, powinien odbywać się w ośrodku referencyjnym III stopnia, zapewniającym możliwość konsultacji urologa i nefrologa dziecięcego. Zaleca

się, by wszystkie dzieci z podejrzeniem prenatalnym wady układu moczowego miały wykonane NVP-LDE225 datasheet badanie ultrasonograficzne jamy brzusznej w pierwszych dobach życia (doba 1.–7.). O terminie badania decyduje stan dziecka i rodzaj podejrzewanej wady (badanie pilne w 1.–2. dobie, a badanie planowe w 3.–7. dobie). Do ustalenia postępowania zalecane jest kolejne badanie ultrasonograficzne jamy brzusznej, które powinno zostać wykonane w terminie 4.–6. tygodni od pierwszego. Do ustalenia właściwego postępowania z noworodkiem niezbędna jest możliwość analizy: ilości wód płodowych, prenatalnej wielkości nerek i szerokości dróg moczowych, stanu klinicznego noworodka (skala Apgar) i wielkości diurezy po porodzie. Poród dziecka

z podejrzeniem poważnej wady wrodzonej układu moczowego (skąpowodzie, brak miąższu obu nerek, zastawki cewki tylnej) powinien odbywać się w ośrodku see more referencyjnym zapewniającym intensywną opiekę okołoporodową. Należy wykonać badanie USG w pierwszej dobie życia, monitorować diurezę poprzez założenie cewnika do pęcherza moczowego, włączyć profilaktykę zakażeń układu moczowego oraz ocenić czynność nerek poprzez pomiar diurezy godzinowej, a także pomiar stężenia mocznika i kreatyniny w surowicy (z uwzględnieniem wartości tych wskaźników u matki). Konsultacja urologa i nefrologa powinna odbyć Olopatadine się w trybie pilnym (Ryc. 1). Planowa diagnostyka u noworodka w dobrym stanie ogólnym obejmuje badanie ultrasonograficzne w 3.–7. dobie po urodzeniu, co pozwala uniknąć

wyników fałszywie ujemnych spowodowanych przejściowym, fizjologicznym, gorszym nawodnieniem dziecka w 1.–2. dobie życia 2., 3., 4. and 5.. Jeśli w prenatalnym badaniu USG rozpoznano izolowane jedno-lub obustronne poszerzenie układu kielichowo-miedniczkowego (UKM), nie istnieje podejrzenie obecności wady złożonej. Poród dziecka i wstępna postnatalna weryfikacja wady mogą być przeprowadzone w szpitalu rejonowym. Za istotne poszerzenie UKM, wymagające monitorowania, uznaje się poszerzenie miedniczki nerkowej w projekcji A-P powyżej 5 mm w 3.–7. dobie życia i 10 mm w 4.–6. tygodniu lub później. W przypadku izolowanego, niepowikłanego, jednolub obustronnego poszerzenia UKM nie ma wskazań do wykonania cystografii mikcyjnej. Przyczyną poszerzenia UKM u płodu jest najczęściej przeszkoda zlokalizowana na wysokości połączenia miedniczkowo-moczowodowego.