In conclusion, our data show that LBH589 solubility dmso TP-receptor blockade with terutroban significantly reduces portal pressure in cirrhotic rats by decreasing hepatic vascular resistance (with a similar and comparable order of magnitude in both cirrhotic models), suggesting that terutroban

may represent a useful agent in the treatment of portal hypertension in cirrhosis. However, in further translational steps of the investigation special care must be taken regarding possible effects reducing MAP. The work was carried out at the Centre Esther Koplowitz, Barcelona. The authors thank Montse Monclús for excellent technical assistance. “
“A combination of hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) and nucleoside/nucleotide analogs (NUC) is the current standard of care for controlling hepatitis B recurrence after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). However, long-term HBIG administration is associated with several unresolved issues, including limited availability and extremely high cost, and thus several protocols for treatment with low-dose HBIG combined with NUC or HBIG-free regimens have been developed. This article reviews

recent advances in post-OLT hepatitis B virus (HBV) control and future methodological directions. New NUC such as entecavir, tenofovir or lamivudine plus adefovir dipivoxil combinations induce a very low frequency of viral resistance. The withdrawal of HBIG after several months of OLT under Hydroxychloroquine concentration new NUC continuation also has permissible effects. Even after HBV reactivation, NUC can usually achieve viral control when viral markers are strictly followed up. Another approach is to induce self-producing anti-HBV antibodies via vaccination with a hepatitis B surface antigen vaccine.

check details However, HBV vaccination is not sufficiently effective in patients to treat liver cirrhosis type B after OLT because immune tolerance to the virus has already continued for several decades. Trials of its safety and cost-effectiveness are required. This review advocates a safe and economical approach to controlling post-OLT HBV recurrence. “
“Background and Aims:  Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is reported to be associated with or to cause type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Our study aimed to elucidate the role of triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol (CHOL) levels in the association between anti-HCV seropositivity and T2DM in an HCV-endemic area. Methods:  We analyzed a computerized dataset of 56 338 residents from a community-based comprehensive screening program in Tainan County in southern Taiwan. Fasting glucose, anti-HCV status, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) status, platelet counts, TG levels, CHOL levels, age, gender, and body mass index were included in the analyses. Multivariate logistic analysis was used to identify factors independently associated with T2DM.

Collectively, these studies provide static evidence of the protective role of VWF on FVIII, but newer dynamic experimental techniques are also available. A recent study

used surface plasmon resonance to characterize the interaction between human anti-FVIII IgG inhibitors and FVIII in concentrates from different sources [45]. Although measuring an antigen–antibody interaction by surface plasmon resonance is a complex process, it has a strong validation method. Using this technique, inhibitor antibodies are arranged in ordinate fashion on the surface of a chip which is then oriented against the flow of FVIII product. As product passes over the chip, light from underneath the chip reflects on an antigen–antibody complex and emits a signal which is measured in units of selleck products resonance. The FVIII products compared in this study were pdFVIII/VWF, full-length rFVIII (pre-incubated or not with purified VWF) and B domain deleted rFVIII. Concentration ranges of FVIII were 6 to 0.024 nm for plasma-derived concentrate and 9 to 0.03 nm for recombinant concentrates. Antibodies were sourced from a child with high inhibitor titres against FVIII. Association of FVIII with antibody was monitored for 3–5 min and disassociation of the antigen–antibody complex

was followed for 5, 20 and 240 min. Whereas no antigen–antibody reaction was observed with pdFVIII/VWF despite increasing concentrations of FVIII, there was a strong dose-dependent increase in the antigen–antibody Selleckchem Erlotinib reaction with full-length rFVIII (without VWF) and B domain deleted rFVIII (Fig. 9). Most interesting, however, was the result observed with rFVIII and plasma-derived VWF. Although binding signals with rFVIII + VWF were lower than those measured with uncomplexed rFVIII as indicated by the lower scale on the y axis, a definite dose-dependent antigen–antibody reaction was apparent (Fig. 9). It can be envisaged that, in the case of pdFVIII/VWF, all FVIII molecules are bound to VWF and VWF acts as selleck inhibitor a ‘shield’ for FVIII. In the case of rFVIII + VWF, the fraction of ‘free’ FVIII molecules unable to bind to VWF could interact with antibody to induce an immune reaction. Preincubation

of rFVIII with increasing concentrations of plasma-derived VWF (ranging from 1:0.001 to 1:1) reduced the antigen–antibody reaction to a low value in a dose-dependent manner. However, when results were displayed as the per cent reduction in binding signal relative to that with uncomplexed full-length rFVIII (as the reference value), a sigmoid curve was produced (Fig. 10). Intriguingly, the maximum relative reduction in binding signal to 20% of that of the reference value by addition of VWF to rFVIII corresponds closely with the fraction of FVIII unable to bind to VWF as discussed previously. Evidence is accumulating to suggest that differences in the reactivity of FVIII concentrates with inhibitor plasmas are influenced by their VWF content.

This can happen through dissasortative mating, where individuals of a particular morph choose to mate with an individual of a different morph more frequently than would be expected under random mating (e.g. in the scarlet tiger moth Panaxia dominula; Sheppard, 1952). A form of dissasortative mating that is particularly potent in generating NFDS is the ‘rare male effect’, when females prefer to mate with males of

a type that has not been encountered before, such that the rare male morph in the population will have a mating advantage CYC202 chemical structure over the common morph (Knoppien, 1985). The rare male effect has been predominantly studied in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata, within the vertebrates (Hughes et al., 1999; selleck chemicals Zajitschek, Evans & Brooks, 2006; Hampton et al., 2009), and in Drosophila within the invertebrates (Pruzan & Ehrman,

1974; Spiess & Schwer, 1978; Anderson & Brown, 1984; Singh & Chatterjee, 1989; Depiereux et al., 1990; Terzić et al., 1996; Som & Singh, 2005), and it has been found that at least in some circumstances, females do prefer to mate with uncommon males. However, a review by Partridge (1988) pointed out that many studies testing the rare male effect in Drosophila were flawed. She argued that most of the experiments suffered from observer bias, lack of repeatability and had problems with experimental

design and data analysis. More recent studies in Drosophila species, however, with improved experimental design, still support the existence of a rare male effect in cases of both conspicuous (i.e. colour) and cryptic polymorphisms (Singh & Chatterjee, 1989; Depiereux et al., 1990; Terzić et al., 1996; Singh & Som, 2001; Som & Singh, 2005). The rare male effect has also been observed to occur in the two-spotted ladybird Adalia bipunctata. This species shows check details a polymorphism in the colour and pattern of the elytra and the pronotum, which can range from red to almost completely black, and the frequencies of the morphs vary geographically (Creed, 1975). Females of this species have shown a preference to mate with the rare male morph in the population both in field and laboratory conditions (Muggleton, 1979; Majerus, O’Donald & Weir, 1982). Another invertebrate species in which a rare male effect has been found is the African monarch butterfly Danaus crhysippus, which presents a colour polymorphism with two common morphs that have either nut-brown or orange wings. Smith (1975) observed in wild populations that the orange male morph had a mating advantage lasting 3 to 4 months, which was lost as its frequency increased.

19 In one series of HCT survivors undergoing liver MRI, incidental focal nodular hyperplasia lesions were present in 12%.50 These lesions have characteristic central scars that differentiate them from hepatocellular carcinoma and fungal lesions. The likely cause is sinusoidal injury caused by myeloablative conditioning regimens. Long-term survivors appear to have an increased incidence of gallstones and gallstone complications, probably related to formation of calcium bilirubinate Ipatasertib microliths following myeloablative conditioning therapy. Chronic cyclosporine

or tacrolimus dosing may also lead to biliary symptoms and acute pancreatitis. Liver problems caused by infection, cholestasis and sinusoidal liver injury in the months following

HCT have become less frequent because of preventive and pre-emptive strategies. When patients develop jaundice after transplant, the MK-8669 time to search for treatable causes is early in the course of jaundice, as the risk of mortality rises steeply with small increments of serum bilirubin above normal. Chronic hepatitis C, persistent GVHD, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma are significant liver problems in the longest-lived survivors of HCT. I gratefully acknowledge the work of my distinguished colleague, Dr. Howard Shulman, who provided the photomicrographs. (Refer to the online Supporting material for a more comprehensive reading list.) Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article. “
“Endoscopic resection (ER) refers to an endoscopic procedure during which tissue acquisition occurs by electrosurgical incision of the mucosa or submucosa. Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) refers to techniques in which the intent is to remove primarily mucosal tissue. The two most common EMR techniques selleck are (1) cap technique (“suck” and cut);

and (2) band ligation (ligate and snare). Endoscopic mucosal resection has been shown to be effective and safe in patients with high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (HGIN) and mucosal carcinoma of the esophagus (squamous cell carcinoma and Barrett’s carcinoma). [See tables X, Y and Z] For these lesions, the risk of lymph-node metastasis is very low and the procedure may obviate the need for esophagectomy, which has a higher morbidity and mortality. Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is an attractive new treatment approach with the ability to provide en bloc resection of larger neoplastic lesions. Both EMR and ESD should be performed by experienced endoscopists. “
“Background and Aim:  The early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and opportunity to select appropriate treatment are important benefits of HCC screening. Our aim in the present study was to investigate the survival rate, prognostic factors and treatment effects in HCC patients of community-based screening.

Our results indicate that the physiological status of females (both moulting and reproductive status) influences the individual’s decisions, and thus, the outcome of pairing in the amphipod G. pulex. The degree

of size-assortative pairing is likely to vary across the female R788 chemical structure moult cycle, being stronger when females are closer to the moult. Size-assortative pairing may be overestimated in pooling data procedures without any consideration of the female moulting status. Moulting and pairing decision could not be dissociated, and moulting should be controlled for when examining the behavioural ecology of mate choice decisions in crustaceans. We would like to thank A. Guvenatam for his help during the experiments, A. Godon for his help in figure designing and R. Elwood, V. Hayssen, M. Thiel and an anonymous referee for their constructive comments that helped Vorinostat research buy to improve the paper. We are greatly indebted to F. Graf for the valuable discussions. This study complies with the current laws of France. “
“Egg features are key components

of egg quality that can influence future prospects of survival. Past studies have outlined the importance of egg size, but little is known about egg shape variation, differences among females, influence of external factors on shape and the importance of shape for hatchability. In this study of the grey partridge Perdix perdix, we examined shape characteristics (elongation and three indices derived from photographs). There was a significant individual difference in egg shape among females, and shape was influenced by the position in the laying order, with last-laid eggs being less elongated. Egg shape indices were not influenced by food

quality (experiment with two diets differing in β-carotene content), nor by an immune challenge (experiment with two groups differing in Newcastle disease virus vaccine treatment). Eggs laid by females in poorer health conditions were more asymmetric and more pointed. Egg hatchability was higher for intermediate egg elongation values. “
“School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia Hydrological regimes strongly influence ecological processes in river basins. Yet, the impacts of management regimes are unknown for selleck inhibitor many freshwater taxa in highly regulated rivers. We used radio-telemetry to monitor the movement and activity of broad-shelled river turtles Chelodina expansa to infer the impact of current water management practices on turtles in Australia’s most regulated river – the Murray River. We radio-tracked C. expansa to (1) measure the range span and examine the effect of sex, size and habitat type on turtle movement, and (2) examine habitat use within the river channel and its associated backwaters. C. expansa occupied all macro habitats in the river (main channel, backwater, swamp and connecting inlets). Within these habitats, females occupied discrete home ranges, whereas males moved up to 25 km.

Our results indicate that the physiological status of females (both moulting and reproductive status) influences the individual’s decisions, and thus, the outcome of pairing in the amphipod G. pulex. The degree

of size-assortative pairing is likely to vary across the female FK506 manufacturer moult cycle, being stronger when females are closer to the moult. Size-assortative pairing may be overestimated in pooling data procedures without any consideration of the female moulting status. Moulting and pairing decision could not be dissociated, and moulting should be controlled for when examining the behavioural ecology of mate choice decisions in crustaceans. We would like to thank A. Guvenatam for his help during the experiments, A. Godon for his help in figure designing and R. Elwood, V. Hayssen, M. Thiel and an anonymous referee for their constructive comments that helped Acalabrutinib nmr to improve the paper. We are greatly indebted to F. Graf for the valuable discussions. This study complies with the current laws of France. “
“Egg features are key components

of egg quality that can influence future prospects of survival. Past studies have outlined the importance of egg size, but little is known about egg shape variation, differences among females, influence of external factors on shape and the importance of shape for hatchability. In this study of the grey partridge Perdix perdix, we examined shape characteristics (elongation and three indices derived from photographs). There was a significant individual difference in egg shape among females, and shape was influenced by the position in the laying order, with last-laid eggs being less elongated. Egg shape indices were not influenced by food

quality (experiment with two diets differing in β-carotene content), nor by an immune challenge (experiment with two groups differing in Newcastle disease virus vaccine treatment). Eggs laid by females in poorer health conditions were more asymmetric and more pointed. Egg hatchability was higher for intermediate egg elongation values. “
“School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia Hydrological regimes strongly influence ecological processes in river basins. Yet, the impacts of management regimes are unknown for selleckchem many freshwater taxa in highly regulated rivers. We used radio-telemetry to monitor the movement and activity of broad-shelled river turtles Chelodina expansa to infer the impact of current water management practices on turtles in Australia’s most regulated river – the Murray River. We radio-tracked C. expansa to (1) measure the range span and examine the effect of sex, size and habitat type on turtle movement, and (2) examine habitat use within the river channel and its associated backwaters. C. expansa occupied all macro habitats in the river (main channel, backwater, swamp and connecting inlets). Within these habitats, females occupied discrete home ranges, whereas males moved up to 25 km.

Specifically, orexin (OX) A and OXB are peptides with neuronal cell bodies primarily localized in the LH (Fig. 1). However, orexin containing selleck chemicals neurons have been shown to project to the cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, brainstem (including the locus coeruleus and the raphe nucleus), as well to the gastrointestinal tract.46 Orexin acts on 2 G-protein coupled receptors, OXR1 and OXR2, which have been shown to contribute to the regulation of food intake as well as arousal and pain.47-49 In animal studies, centrally administered orexin increases food intake and has also been shown to reverse the cholecystokinin-induced

loss of appetite. In addition in VAT orexin has been shown to decrease the expression of hormone-sensitive lipase, which suggests that orexin might also modulate adipose tissue metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis.49 In addition to their role in feeding, the orexins

also participate in inflammatory processes. Several animal studies have demonstrated anti-nociceptive properties of the orexins. In mouse and rat models of nociception and hyperalgesia, intravenous OXA has been shown to be analgesic with an efficacy similar to that of morphine in both the hotplate test and carrageenan-induced thermal hyperalgesia tests.48 Similarly, intrathecally administered OXA in rats has been shown to inhibit heat-evoked hyperalgesia as well as to reduce mechanical allodynia.50 Finally, OXA has also been shown to inhibit find protocol neurogenic vasodilation as well as TNC neuronal nociceptive responses to electrical stimulation of the dura mater in rats.51,52 However, the orexins may also have a pro-nociceptive role. The orexins have been shown to excite the histaminergic neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus (which terminates in the dorsal raphe nucleus and periaqueductal grey region), which can attenuate the antinociceptive effects of OXA. Specifically OXA activates histamine receptors, H1 and H2; and intra-cerebro-ventricular (ICV) injections of a histamine

receptor antagonist along with OXA in mice has shown greater antinociceptive see more effects than ICV OXA alone.47 Furthermore, OXA levels have been shown to be elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of chronic daily headache sufferers.53 This would suggest that the orexin receptor antagonists, such as ACT-078573 or SB649868, which have been reported to be under development by Actelion and GSK for sleep disorders, could also have a role in migraine therapy.54,55 Thus, although the full role of the orexins and their receptors in migraine is still being determined, the current data suggest that the OXA can modulate neurogenic vasodilation, TNC activation, and pain. In addition, the existing data linking OXA and migraine further support the importance of the regulation of the hypothalamus, in not just feeding, but also pain. Further research evaluating orexin levels during or between migraine attacks is warranted. Adipocytokines.

L-Fabp expression decreased 10-fold following HSC activation, concomitant with depletion of LDs. Primary HSCs isolated from L-FABP−/− mice contain fewer LDs than wild-type (WT) HSCs, and exhibit up-regulated expression of genes involved in HSC activation. Adenoviral L-Fabp transduction inhibited activation of passaged WT HSCs and increased both the expression

of prolipogenic genes and also augmented intracellular lipid accumulation, including triglyceride and FA, predominantly palmitate. Freshly isolated HSCs from L-FABP−/− mice correspondingly exhibited decreased palmitate in the free FA pool. To investigate whether L-FABP deletion promotes selleckchem HSC activation in vivo, we fed L-FABP−/− and WT mice a high-fat diet supplemented with trans-fatty acids and fructose (TFF). TFF-fed L-FABP−/− mice exhibited reduced hepatic steatosis along with decreased LD abundance and size compared to WT mice. In addition, TFF-fed L-FABP−/− mice exhibited decreased hepatic fibrosis, with reduced expression of fibrogenic genes, compared to WT mice. Conclusion: L-FABP deletion

attenuates both diet-induced hepatic steatosis and fibrogenesis, despite the observation that L-Fabp paradoxically promotes FA and LD accumulation and inhibits HSC activation in vitro. These findings highlight the importance of cell-specific modulation of hepatic lipid metabolism in promoting fibrogenesis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. (Hepatology 2013) Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a www.selleckchem.com/products/Bafilomycin-A1.html spectrum of pathology ranging from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis.1 Neutral lipid storage in hepatocytes, principally in the form of triglyceride, predisposes individuals to the subsequent development and progression of NASH,2 although much is still poorly understood regarding the metabolic regulation and clinical significance of distinctive storage pools of intrahepatic selleck compound lipid. Among these intracellular storage compartments, lipid droplets (LDs) have emerged as a focal point of interest.3

LDs are specialized spherical organelles composed of a core of neutral lipids surrounded by proteins known as perilipins (Plins), which play key roles in regulating aspects of intracellular trafficking, signaling, and cytoskeletal organization.4 Understanding the pathways that regulate metabolic flux in LDs is likely to provide insight into the mechanisms of lipid-mediated liver injury.5 Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the major effectors of hepatic fibrogenesis, characterized in their quiescent state by abundant LDs containing predominantly retinyl esters, triglyceride, and cholesterol ester along with cholesterol, phospholipids, and fatty acids (FAs).6, 7 In the course of hepatic injury, quiescent HSCs undergo phenotypic changes including enhanced cell proliferation, loss of LDs, expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and excessive production of extracellular matrix (ECM).

L-Fabp expression decreased 10-fold following HSC activation, concomitant with depletion of LDs. Primary HSCs isolated from L-FABP−/− mice contain fewer LDs than wild-type (WT) HSCs, and exhibit up-regulated expression of genes involved in HSC activation. Adenoviral L-Fabp transduction inhibited activation of passaged WT HSCs and increased both the expression

of prolipogenic genes and also augmented intracellular lipid accumulation, including triglyceride and FA, predominantly palmitate. Freshly isolated HSCs from L-FABP−/− mice correspondingly exhibited decreased palmitate in the free FA pool. To investigate whether L-FABP deletion promotes Selleckchem Dasatinib HSC activation in vivo, we fed L-FABP−/− and WT mice a high-fat diet supplemented with trans-fatty acids and fructose (TFF). TFF-fed L-FABP−/− mice exhibited reduced hepatic steatosis along with decreased LD abundance and size compared to WT mice. In addition, TFF-fed L-FABP−/− mice exhibited decreased hepatic fibrosis, with reduced expression of fibrogenic genes, compared to WT mice. Conclusion: L-FABP deletion

attenuates both diet-induced hepatic steatosis and fibrogenesis, despite the observation that L-Fabp paradoxically promotes FA and LD accumulation and inhibits HSC activation in vitro. These findings highlight the importance of cell-specific modulation of hepatic lipid metabolism in promoting fibrogenesis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. (Hepatology 2013) Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a Fluorouracil supplier spectrum of pathology ranging from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis.1 Neutral lipid storage in hepatocytes, principally in the form of triglyceride, predisposes individuals to the subsequent development and progression of NASH,2 although much is still poorly understood regarding the metabolic regulation and clinical significance of distinctive storage pools of intrahepatic check details lipid. Among these intracellular storage compartments, lipid droplets (LDs) have emerged as a focal point of interest.3

LDs are specialized spherical organelles composed of a core of neutral lipids surrounded by proteins known as perilipins (Plins), which play key roles in regulating aspects of intracellular trafficking, signaling, and cytoskeletal organization.4 Understanding the pathways that regulate metabolic flux in LDs is likely to provide insight into the mechanisms of lipid-mediated liver injury.5 Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the major effectors of hepatic fibrogenesis, characterized in their quiescent state by abundant LDs containing predominantly retinyl esters, triglyceride, and cholesterol ester along with cholesterol, phospholipids, and fatty acids (FAs).6, 7 In the course of hepatic injury, quiescent HSCs undergo phenotypic changes including enhanced cell proliferation, loss of LDs, expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and excessive production of extracellular matrix (ECM).

The difference between the results of the two methods have www.selleckchem.com/products/PF-2341066.html significant. The diagnostic value of EUS-FNA combined with flow cytometry is superior to EUS-FNA combined with pathology and cytology for lymphoma, especially for B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Conclusion: EUS-FNA combined with flow cytometry is a high sensitive, specific and accurate method for the diagnosis of B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Key Word(s): 1. EUS guided FNA; 2. Flow cytometry; 3. pathology; 4. lymphoma; Presenting Author: ZHONGZHI LIU Corresponding Author: ZHONGZHI LIU Affiliations: the fourth hospital of Jilin university Objective: To evaluate the curative effects and security of endoscopic injection sclerotherapy

tissue adhesive therapy. Methods: 76 patients who take the endoscopic therapy with gastric Varices and bleeding were retrospeetively studied. Tissues adhesive group 40 cases: saline water + D-TH

mastic + saline water, sclerosing agent +Tissues adhesive group 36 cases: Lauromacrogol + D-TH mastic + saline water. Results: There were no significant differences in the rate of rebleeding between the two groups in three months, six months, (P > 0.05). There were significantly significant differences in the rate of rebleeding between the two groups in one year,(P < 0.05). The rates of effectively eliminate varices and complications were significantly differences among the two groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy and injection of tissue adhesive therapy. Are obviously superior to the s tissue adhesive therapy in effeetively eliminating varices and complications and preventting rebleeding. Key Word(s): 1. varices; 2. sclerotherapy; find more 3. Lauromacrogol;

4. tissue adhesive; Presenting Author: AHMAD NAJIB AZMI Additional Authors: CHAN WAH KHEONG, SANJIV MAHADEVA, GOH KHEAN LEE Corresponding Author: AHMAD NAJIB AZMI Affiliations: Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia; Universiti Malaya; University Malaya Objective: Bowel preparation is vital in a successful colonoscopy. Commonly used large-volume Polyethylene Glycol Electrolyte learn more Lavage Solution (PEG-ELS) is affecting patients’ compliance and comfort during the process. We conducted a study to compare the effect of split-dose versus whole-dose PEG-ELS on the quality of bowel preparation and patients’ satisfaction. Methods: Outpatient colonoscopy randomized into two groups; one group received conventional 2-litres PEG-ELS on the same day of procedure, another group received a split-dose 1-litre a day before and 1-litre on the procedure day. The quality of bowel preparation is assessed by the endoscopist using Boston Bowel Preparation Scale. The patients were interviewed before the procedure. Results: 273 patients were randomized; 142 (52%) patients received whole-dose PEG-ELS and 131 (48%) patients received split-dose. Data for 268 patients who completed the colonoscopy was analyzed (median age 64 years old, 52% male).