During the last year, two new predictors of response to antiviral treatment have emerged: the interleukin-28B (IL-28B) rs12979860 C/T polymorphism and vitamin D serum concentration. The IL-28B rs12979860 C/T GS-1101 research buy polymorphism, located on chromosome 19 upstream of the gene encoding IFN-γ3, represents a host-related, nonmodifiable variable that strongly predicts the response to antiviral treatment. Among hepatitis C virus (HCV)-1–infected patients,8-10 SVR rates higher than 60%-80% were achieved by C/C homozygotes compared with the 15%-30% achieved by carriers of the T/T or T/C alleles.8, 11 Given the strength of this association, any new

or old pre-treatment predictor of response must be compared against it. The second novel predictor, serum vitamin D concentration, is

also of great interest because it is easily modifiable by dietary supplementation. Based on several recent reports demonstrating that vitamin D appears to possess important Erlotinib datasheet immunomediated and antiproliferative effects, Petta et al.12 investigated patients with genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C who underwent standard PEG-IFN plus ribavirin treatment and showed that the serum 25-OH vitamin D concentration was an independent predictor of viral clearance. Others have demonstrated that cholecalciferol supplementation added to combination therapy with PEG-IFN plus ribavirin could enhance the rates of SVR in patients with genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C.13 Finally, a retrospective

analysis by our group involving a cohort of patients with recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplantation supports both above-mentioned observations14 (i.e., the prediction of lower SVR rates in the presence of vitamin D deficiency and the usefulness of vitamin D supplementation during antiviral treatment to promote a SVR). However, the role of the serum vitamin D concentration as a predictor of SVR has not been evaluated in conjunction with the IL-28B rs12979860 C/T polymorphism. Therefore, the aims of the present study were: (1) to ascertain whether Calpain vitamin D deficiency influences SVR rates in genotype 1–infected patients and those patients not infected with genotype 1 and (2) to verify whether the IL-28B rs12979860 C/T polymorphism and pretreatment serum vitamin D levels are independent or complementary predictors of treatment-induced viral clearance. cEVR, complete early viral response; CI, confidence interval; EOT, end of treatment viral response; HCV, hepatitis C virus; IFN, interferon; IL-28B, interleukin-28B; OR, odds ratio; PEG-IFN, pegylated interferon; ROC, receiver operating characteristic; RVR, rapid viral response; SVR, sustained viral response. The study population included a total of 211 consecutive, treatment-naïve hepatitis C patients of Caucasian ethnicity who received antiviral treatment at one of three academic centers in northern Italy (the Medical Liver Transplantation Unit at the University of Udine [n = 71; 33.

Key Word(s): 1. confocal endoscopy; 2. signet cell carcer; Presenting Author: QIAN WANG Additional Authors: YULAN LIU Corresponding Author: YULAN LIU Affiliations: Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People’s Hospital Objective: Intestinal pseudo-obstruction (IPO) is an uncommon but life-threatening complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). When IPO is presented as the first manifestation of the underlying SLE, it is difficult to achieve the accurate diagnosis. Methods: A total of 948 inpatients were diagnosed as SLE

from January MAPK Inhibitor Library clinical trial 2008 to December 2012. Seventeen cases were diagnosed IPO as the absence of bowel sounds, presence of multiple fluid levels on plain abdominal X-rays and exclusion of organic obstruction by imaging. Clinical symptoms, serological results, imaging features, therapeutic regimen and prognosis were studied retrospectively and compared with SLE control group and paralytic ileus group. Results: The average age of IPO was (38 + 14) y.

The female to male ratio was 15: 2, which was higher than that of paralytic ileus group. Vomiting and diarrhea were more obvious. Seven cases had IPO as the initial presentation of their underlying SLE. The average SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) score was 13 when onset. Patients coexisted with 3 system involvements averagely, which was more than SLE control group. Pleural effusion, ascites, ureterohydronephrosis and interstitial cystitis were more common in IPO. The average C3 and C4 were (0.46 + 0.23) G/L Doxorubicin and (0.09 + 0.07) G/L, respectively, which were much lower than them of SLE control and paralytic ileus group. Their bowel condition improved within 2 to 37 days after the treatment of corticosteroid and/or immunosuppressants. Conclusion: IPO has a predilection

for young women with high SLEDAI score. It usually coincides with other system involvement especially ureterohydronephrosis and interstitial cystitis. Abdominal computed tomography scans are helpful for diagnosis. Accurate and prompt diagnosis of IPO is critical to avoid unnecessary surgical Rucaparib nmr intervention. Most patients have good therapeutic responses to corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents. Key Word(s): 1. Lupus; 2. Pseudo-obstruction; 3. Paralytic ileus; 4. Pyelectasis; Presenting Author: WANGZHI YONG Corresponding Author: WANGZHI YONG Affiliations: the Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Hangzhou Teacher University, Hangzhou Objective: Gastrointestinal cancer is caused by one of the main causes of human death, along with the progress and the people of endoscopy in the diagnosis of technical understanding of tumor diseases, early gastrointestinal cancer and precancerous lesion detection rate has been greatly improved, while promoting the development of endoscopic techniques. Endoscopic therapy for its safe, minimally invasive, good curative effect, less pain, low cost features than the traditional operation therapy has the absolute advantage.

The unique composite E1E2/D32.10 epitope seems to be essential for HCVsp entry and thus the D32.10 mAb a novel inhibitor of HCV infection, with most relevant potential in the context of liver transplantation to prevent reinfection of the graft. This new HCVsp-HepaRG infection system could also be most useful for screening HCV entry inhibitors. Additional Supporting

Information may be found in the online version of this article. “
“Aim:  The aim of the present study was to assess the changes of liver stiffness (LS) and its associated factors in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection (HCV) after interferon (IFN)-based therapy. Methods:  Patients with chronic HCV who had previously undergone at least 20 weeks of IFN-based therapy were enrolled. The patients’ initial LS measurement was taken at the time of enrollment, and a second LS measurement R788 research buy was made after an interval of at least 38 weeks. LS measurement was carried out with FibroScan®, and changes of LS and its associated factors were analyzed. Results:  One hundred and forty-four patients, including 95 sustained virological response (SVR) patients and 49 non-sustained virological response

(NSVR) patients, were enrolled. There was a significant decrease of LS among SVR patients (median, 0.6; P < 0.001). NSVR patients showed an increase of LS (median, 0.8; P = 0.557). For SVR patients, a high initial LS was the predictive factor of a rapid reduction see more of LS values. However, advanced fibrosis stage before therapy, higher body mass index (BMI) and longer time remission were predictive factors for slow reduction of LS values. Conclusions:  LS decreases in sustained responders following IFN-based therapy in patients with chronic HCV. Advanced fibrosis, higher

BMI, longer time for remission and lower initial LS value are predictive factors for a slow improvement of LS in sustained responders. “
“We conducted a budget impact analysis to evaluate the next short term financial consequences of introducing IFN-free DAA-based regimens to treat HCV-infected patients in France. According to a previous mathematical model, a population of 56250 F0-4 patients aged 18 to 70 aware of their HCV infection was considered for treatment. Their characteristics in 2014 were: mean age (51 years), genotype (1/2/3/4: 62%/8%/15%/15%), naive (49%), fibrosis at diagnosis (naive/non-naive: 56%/38 %in F0-1, 21%/23 %in F2, 23%/39 %in F3-4). A Markov model simulated fibrosis progression and cost of treating HCV in these patients over a 3-year period, according to the following assumptions: treatment if ≥ F2; prioritize treatment if F3-4; ≤ 20,000 patients treated/year; considering only drug costs. DAA considered were sofosbuvir+ledipasvir for genotype 1 during 12 weeks; sofosbuvir+ribavirin for genotype 2 during 12 weeks, for genotype 3 or 4 during 24 weeks.

The unique composite E1E2/D32.10 epitope seems to be essential for HCVsp entry and thus the D32.10 mAb a novel inhibitor of HCV infection, with most relevant potential in the context of liver transplantation to prevent reinfection of the graft. This new HCVsp-HepaRG infection system could also be most useful for screening HCV entry inhibitors. Additional Supporting

Information may be found in the online version of this article. “
“Aim:  The aim of the present study was to assess the changes of liver stiffness (LS) and its associated factors in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection (HCV) after interferon (IFN)-based therapy. Methods:  Patients with chronic HCV who had previously undergone at least 20 weeks of IFN-based therapy were enrolled. The patients’ initial LS measurement was taken at the time of enrollment, and a second LS measurement DAPT was made after an interval of at least 38 weeks. LS measurement was carried out with FibroScan®, and changes of LS and its associated factors were analyzed. Results:  One hundred and forty-four patients, including 95 sustained virological response (SVR) patients and 49 non-sustained virological response

(NSVR) patients, were enrolled. There was a significant decrease of LS among SVR patients (median, 0.6; P < 0.001). NSVR patients showed an increase of LS (median, 0.8; P = 0.557). For SVR patients, a high initial LS was the predictive factor of a rapid reduction selleck chemicals llc of LS values. However, advanced fibrosis stage before therapy, higher body mass index (BMI) and longer time remission were predictive factors for slow reduction of LS values. Conclusions:  LS decreases in sustained responders following IFN-based therapy in patients with chronic HCV. Advanced fibrosis, higher

BMI, longer time for remission and lower initial LS value are predictive factors for a slow improvement of LS in sustained responders. “
“We conducted a budget impact analysis to evaluate the Methamphetamine short term financial consequences of introducing IFN-free DAA-based regimens to treat HCV-infected patients in France. According to a previous mathematical model, a population of 56250 F0-4 patients aged 18 to 70 aware of their HCV infection was considered for treatment. Their characteristics in 2014 were: mean age (51 years), genotype (1/2/3/4: 62%/8%/15%/15%), naive (49%), fibrosis at diagnosis (naive/non-naive: 56%/38 %in F0-1, 21%/23 %in F2, 23%/39 %in F3-4). A Markov model simulated fibrosis progression and cost of treating HCV in these patients over a 3-year period, according to the following assumptions: treatment if ≥ F2; prioritize treatment if F3-4; ≤ 20,000 patients treated/year; considering only drug costs. DAA considered were sofosbuvir+ledipasvir for genotype 1 during 12 weeks; sofosbuvir+ribavirin for genotype 2 during 12 weeks, for genotype 3 or 4 during 24 weeks.

High-fat feeding in mice resulting in increased body weight and hepatic steatosis causes selective natural killer T (NKT) cell depletion in the liver and is associated with increased production of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-β and interferon-gamma

(IFN-γ).6 This is consistent with the findings of Mouralidarane et al., which again demonstrated a decrease in NKT cells in the liver in response to a postnatal high-fat/high-sugar diet. They add to the picture by demonstrating further depletion in the combined group compared with postnatal Erlotinib concentration exposure alone. In conclusion, this article and others demonstrate a powerful influence of maternal obesity and a gestational obesogenic diet to sensitize the offspring to induction of NAFLD. This multiplicative Ponatinib effect is important because it could help explain the rapid rise in pediatric NAFLD. Further,

the combination of pre- and postnatal exposure to the diet resulted in a nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-like picture, with increased profibrogenic markers, increased fibrosis in the liver, and increased inflammation associated with alterations in innate immunity. This has particular relevance to the consideration of why some children have severe features of NASH at relatively young ages. The findings lend support for carefully designed human studies, particularly for populations known to be at high risk for NAFLD. “
“Characterization of key cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for efficient liver regeneration in response to acute loss of liver mass has been an active area of investigation for the past several decades.1 The intriguing search for the molecular identity of one or more factors responsible for liver regeneration has contributed substantially to our current knowledge of the functional significance Sclareol of key humoral factors and temporal events necessary for efficient liver regeneration. Several early events associated with liver regeneration have been attributed to acute hemodynamic changes and associated shear-stress–induced release of humoral factors such as nucleotides and nitric oxide from the hepatic parenchyma.2-6

Cytokine-mediated and growth factor–mediated induction of cell signaling has been shown to be integral to the activation of a highly orchestrated gene expression program responsible for the stepwise reorganization of extracellular matrix, cell proliferation, and liver growth.1 fld, fatty liver dystrophy. Studies based on 70% partial hepatectomy of rodents, especially in gene knockout and transgenic mice, have uncovered the functional significance of distinct signaling cascades and genes necessary for cell proliferation and survival in regenerating livers. However, despite distinct delays and profound impairments in hepatocyte proliferation seen in most experimental models, liver growth continues until the optimal ratio of liver weight to body weight—a species-specific set point—is reached.

[79] The Critical Flicker Frequency (CFF) test is a psychophysiological tool defined as the frequency

at which a fused light (presented from 60 Hz downward) appears to be flickering to the observer. Studies have shown its reduction with worsening cognition and improvement after therapy. The CFF test requires several trials, intact binocular vision, absence of red-green blindness, and specialized equipment.[80, 81] The Continuous Reaction Time (CRT) test. The CRT test relies on repeated registration of the motor reaction time (pressing a button) to auditory stimuli (through headphones). The most important test result is the CRT index, which measures the stability of the reaction times. The test result can differentiate between organic and PD0325901 price metabolic brain impairment and is not influenced by the patient’s age or gender, and there is no learning or tiring effect. Simple software and hardware are required.[82] PARP inhibitor trial The Inhibitory Control Test (ICT) is a computerized test of response inhibition and working memory[83]

and is freely downloadable at www.hecme.tv. The ICT test has been judged to have good validity, but requires highly functional patients. The norms for the test have to be elaborated beyond the few centers that have used it. The Stroop test evaluates psychomotor speed and cognitive flexibility by the interference between recognition reaction time to a colored field and a written color name. Recently, mobile application software (“apps” for a smartphone or tablet

computer) based on the test has been shown to identify cognitive dysfunction in cirrhosis compared to paper-pencil tests.[84] Further studies are under way to evaluate its potential for screening for MHE and CHE. The SCAN Test is a computerized test that measures speed and accuracy to perform a digit recognition memory task of increasing complexity. The SCAN Test has been shown to be of prognostic value.[85] Electroencephalography examination can detect changes in cortical cerebral activity across the spectrum of HE without patient cooperation or risk of a learning effect.[70] However, it is nonspecific and may be influenced by accompanying metabolic disturbances, such as hyponatremia as well as drugs. Possibly, the reliability of EEG analysis can increase with quantitative Abiraterone analysis. This specifically should include the background frequency with mean dominant frequency or spectral band analysis.[60] Also, in most situations, EEG requires an institutional setup and neurological expertise in evaluation, and the cost varies among hospitals. Although the above-described tests have been used to test for MHE and CHE, there is, most often, a poor correlation between them because HE is a multidimensional dysfunction.[86] Learning effect is often observed with psychometric tests and it is unclear whether current HE therapy plays a role in the test performance.

[79] The Critical Flicker Frequency (CFF) test is a psychophysiological tool defined as the frequency

at which a fused light (presented from 60 Hz downward) appears to be flickering to the observer. Studies have shown its reduction with worsening cognition and improvement after therapy. The CFF test requires several trials, intact binocular vision, absence of red-green blindness, and specialized equipment.[80, 81] The Continuous Reaction Time (CRT) test. The CRT test relies on repeated registration of the motor reaction time (pressing a button) to auditory stimuli (through headphones). The most important test result is the CRT index, which measures the stability of the reaction times. The test result can differentiate between organic and ALK inhibitor metabolic brain impairment and is not influenced by the patient’s age or gender, and there is no learning or tiring effect. Simple software and hardware are required.[82] Temsirolimus The Inhibitory Control Test (ICT) is a computerized test of response inhibition and working memory[83]

and is freely downloadable at www.hecme.tv. The ICT test has been judged to have good validity, but requires highly functional patients. The norms for the test have to be elaborated beyond the few centers that have used it. The Stroop test evaluates psychomotor speed and cognitive flexibility by the interference between recognition reaction time to a colored field and a written color name. Recently, mobile application software (“apps” for a smartphone or tablet

computer) based on the test has been shown to identify cognitive dysfunction in cirrhosis compared to paper-pencil tests.[84] Further studies are under way to evaluate its potential for screening for MHE and CHE. The SCAN Test is a computerized test that measures speed and accuracy to perform a digit recognition memory task of increasing complexity. The SCAN Test has been shown to be of prognostic value.[85] Electroencephalography examination can detect changes in cortical cerebral activity across the spectrum of HE without patient cooperation or risk of a learning effect.[70] However, it is nonspecific and may be influenced by accompanying metabolic disturbances, such as hyponatremia as well as drugs. Possibly, the reliability of EEG analysis can increase with quantitative HSP90 analysis. This specifically should include the background frequency with mean dominant frequency or spectral band analysis.[60] Also, in most situations, EEG requires an institutional setup and neurological expertise in evaluation, and the cost varies among hospitals. Although the above-described tests have been used to test for MHE and CHE, there is, most often, a poor correlation between them because HE is a multidimensional dysfunction.[86] Learning effect is often observed with psychometric tests and it is unclear whether current HE therapy plays a role in the test performance.

Abortive cell cycle can induce death via apoptosis. In support of this mechanism, LCMV-WE increased the number of cells that simultaneously stained for apoptosis and proliferation. LCMV does not normally infect hepatocytes, and mature hepatocytes did not express the canonical (DAG-1) or novel (AXL-1, TYRO-3, LSECtin) receptors for LCMV. However, stimulating hepatocyte proliferation (via PHx) increased the expression of the novel receptors in liver. Likewise, LCMV-WE induced receptor expression and was only able to infect hepatocytes at timepoints after proliferation was induced. Conclusions.

Taken together, these results shed new mechanistic light on the role of the liver in VHF pathogenesis. Specifically, it is hypothesized that the induction of hepatocyte proliferation by pathogenic

viral strains allows expansion of the infection to parenchymal check details cells. The increase in AST/ALT with VHF is likely explained, at least in part, by abortive cell cycle progression induced by the infection. These results may lead to the development of new therapies to prevent VHF from reaching critical phases. Disclosures: The following people have nothing to disclose: Gavin E. Arteel, Juliane I. Beier, Jenny Jokinen, Patrick S. Whang, Amah M. Martin, Nikole L. Warner, Igor S. Lukashevich Background: Liver hypoxia/ischemia has a strong and irreversible effect on hepatocellular metabolism, morphology and function and causes hepatocyte cell death by both apoptosis and necrosis. One of the hallmarks of cell death is the presence of disruptions MLN0128 in mitochondrial activity leading to disturbance in cellular energy metabolism. We hypothesized that refueling the citric acid cycle by some of its intermediates could revert energy production and levels and therefore protect the liver against hypoxic insult.

In vitro, we have already demonstrated that oxaloacetic acid (OAA) was the most potent citric acid intermediate capable of protecting rat hepatocytes. We here analyze the potential protective effect of this compound in vivo using the left portal vein ligation (LPVL) model of warm liver ischemia. Methods: In vitro, isolated rat hepatocytes were cultured in low glucose medium Tideglusib supplemented with OAA. Hypoxia or anoxia were obtained using a hypoxic chamber (24h/1%O2 or 4h/0%O2). Cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay, cell counting and LDH release in the medium. In vivo, animals subjected to LPVL were treated with OAA through continuous delivery by the portal vein in the ischemic lobes. Results: In vitro, after 4h of anoxia, 40.5±5.3% of untreated hepatocytes were dead; this was limited to 17.1±5.9% (p<0.001) after treatment with OAA, reaching almost the levels observed with normoxic hepatocytes (6.3±3.5%). After 24h of hypoxia, 46.4±2.0% of OAA-treated hepatocytes were dead in comparison to 56.7±3.0% of untreated hepatocytes (p<0.01). These results were confirmed by measuring LDH release in the medium and MTT assay.

From December 2006 to April 2012, DBE was performed on 28 patients with OGIB. Results: DBE were performed in 28 patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding, MD were eventually detected preoperatively in 10 of them. No serious procedure-related complications were observed in any cases. All 10 children underwent laparoscopic excision of the diverticula and recovered uneventfully. Pathological examination of the excised diverticula confirmed the diagnosis of MD. Conclusion: For pediatric patients who have gastrointestinal bleeding with features highly suspicious of MD, if radioisotope scans and primary endoscopy were

negative, DBE is an efficacious and safe means of diagnosis. Key Word(s): 1. DBE; 2. MD; 3. OGIB; 4. Children; Presenting Author: CHISHINA HIROKAZU Additional Authors: TAKAYAMA MASAKI, ADACHI TEPPEI, MINE HIROMASA, NAGAI TOMOYUKI, NAGATA YOSHIAKI, KAWASAKI MASANORI, ASAKUMA YUTAKA, SAKURAI Lumacaftor in vitro selleck kinase inhibitor TOSHIHARU, MATSUI SHIGENAGA, KASHIDA HIROSHI, KUDO MASATOSHI Corresponding Author: CHISHINA HIROKAZU Affiliations: kinki university faculty of medicine; kinki university faculity of medicine; kinki university faculty of medicine; kinki university

faculty of medicine; kinki university faculty of medicine; kinki university faculty of medicine; kinki university faculty of medicine Objective: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) including aspirin are widely used for the aged patients. Recent advances in diagnostic method including SBE have enabled us to examine the entire small intestine, and we recognize that prevalence of small intestinal damage in patients taking NSAIDs is high. The aim of the present study was to analyze the clinical characteristic of small bowel diseases in the aged patients with OGIB which was

diagnosed by SBE. Methods: We investigated the clinical characteristics of the aged patients examined HSP90 at our institute for 8 year (from July 2005 to January 2013). Small bowel mucosal injury was evaluated using SBE. Results: 96 OGIB aged patients (59 men and 37 women, mean age 70.8 years) underwent SBE from July 2005 to January 2013. Heart diseases such as ischemic heart disease, valvular diseases of the heart, atrial fibrillation were present in 36.4% and chronic renal failure in 12.5%. 40 (41.7%) patients were taking anti-thrombotics including low dose aspirin and 6 (6.3%) patients were taking NSAIDs. The most frequently detected lesions were mucosal injury which were induced by NSAIDs including low dose aspirin. Angioectasia was diagnosed in 16.7%. Among 16 patients with angioectasia, endscopic hemostasis were performed in 12 patients. The patients which small bowel diseases were detected using SBE were 41 (89.1%) in 46 patients which were taking anti-thrombotics including low dose aspirin and NSAIDs.

From December 2006 to April 2012, DBE was performed on 28 patients with OGIB. Results: DBE were performed in 28 patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding, MD were eventually detected preoperatively in 10 of them. No serious procedure-related complications were observed in any cases. All 10 children underwent laparoscopic excision of the diverticula and recovered uneventfully. Pathological examination of the excised diverticula confirmed the diagnosis of MD. Conclusion: For pediatric patients who have gastrointestinal bleeding with features highly suspicious of MD, if radioisotope scans and primary endoscopy were

negative, DBE is an efficacious and safe means of diagnosis. Key Word(s): 1. DBE; 2. MD; 3. OGIB; 4. Children; Presenting Author: CHISHINA HIROKAZU Additional Authors: TAKAYAMA MASAKI, ADACHI TEPPEI, MINE HIROMASA, NAGAI TOMOYUKI, NAGATA YOSHIAKI, KAWASAKI MASANORI, ASAKUMA YUTAKA, SAKURAI ABT-199 cell line Obeticholic Acid TOSHIHARU, MATSUI SHIGENAGA, KASHIDA HIROSHI, KUDO MASATOSHI Corresponding Author: CHISHINA HIROKAZU Affiliations: kinki university faculty of medicine; kinki university faculity of medicine; kinki university faculty of medicine; kinki university

faculty of medicine; kinki university faculty of medicine; kinki university faculty of medicine; kinki university faculty of medicine Objective: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) including aspirin are widely used for the aged patients. Recent advances in diagnostic method including SBE have enabled us to examine the entire small intestine, and we recognize that prevalence of small intestinal damage in patients taking NSAIDs is high. The aim of the present study was to analyze the clinical characteristic of small bowel diseases in the aged patients with OGIB which was

diagnosed by SBE. Methods: We investigated the clinical characteristics of the aged patients examined Selleck Ponatinib at our institute for 8 year (from July 2005 to January 2013). Small bowel mucosal injury was evaluated using SBE. Results: 96 OGIB aged patients (59 men and 37 women, mean age 70.8 years) underwent SBE from July 2005 to January 2013. Heart diseases such as ischemic heart disease, valvular diseases of the heart, atrial fibrillation were present in 36.4% and chronic renal failure in 12.5%. 40 (41.7%) patients were taking anti-thrombotics including low dose aspirin and 6 (6.3%) patients were taking NSAIDs. The most frequently detected lesions were mucosal injury which were induced by NSAIDs including low dose aspirin. Angioectasia was diagnosed in 16.7%. Among 16 patients with angioectasia, endscopic hemostasis were performed in 12 patients. The patients which small bowel diseases were detected using SBE were 41 (89.1%) in 46 patients which were taking anti-thrombotics including low dose aspirin and NSAIDs.