Secondly, the genes within this module are transcribed divergently, with ORFs PHIEF11_0025 to PHIEF11_0027 and PHIEF11_0028 being transcribed in a rightward direction, and ORFs PHIEF11_0029 and PHIEF11_0030 being transcribed in a leftward direction. This suggests that these two groups of genes within this module are under different regulatory control. (5 and 6) Genes of the recombination and early gene control modules (PHIEF11_0031 to PHIEF11_0038): The earliest transcriptional buy LGK-974 activity within the temperate phage genome, after infection, occurs in the recombination and early gene modules. Transcription of the repressor

gene, within the early gene module, results in the synthesis of a repressor protein that blocks transcription of the genes of the lytic pathway, leading to the establishment of lysogeny (Ptashne, 2004). Concomitantly, expression of the integrase gene, within the recombination module, mediates the integration of the phage genome into the host chromosome. The deduced protein specified by PHIEF11_0036 contains a helix–turn–helix motif typical of DNA-binding proteins. In addition, the PHIEF11_0036 gene product shows similarity to DNA-binding (cl) repressor proteins

of Staphylococcus phage TP310.1 and Lactococcus phage TP901-1 (Table 1). This suggests that PHIEF11_0036 codes for selleck chemicals a cl-type repressor protein. Similarly, the deduced product of PHIEF11_0031 bears significant resemblance to a family of proteins (integrases) responsible for site-specific recombination of phage DNA, and specifically shows high sequence identity with the integrase of Staphylococcus phage L54a (Table 1). Consequently, PHIEF11_0031 can be considered to be a gene coding for an integrase. In lambdoid phages, the phage repressor gene is expressed concurrently with the integrase gene as lysogeny is being established, but in an established lysogen, the phage repressor is on and the integrase is off (Ptashne, 2004). Methane monooxygenase These two

ORFs (PHIEF11_0031 and PHIEF11_0036), and most of the remaining genes in the early gene modules (up to and including the repressor gene, PHIEF11_0036), are likely involved in the establishment of lysogeny of phage φEf11, and are all transcribed in a divergent (leftward) orientation from all the remaining ORFs of the genome. The two remaining ORFs in the early gene module (ORFs PHIEF11_0037 and PHIEF11_0038) are transcribed in a rightward direction. PHIEF11_0037 appears to be a cro-like repressor as seen from its similarity to proteins of the Cro repressor protein family, as well as with the Cro repressor of L. johnsonii prophage Lj928 (Table 1). Cro (control of repressor and other genes) repressors are antagonistic to cl repressors and therefore function to block or terminate lysogeny.