B. (i) Radar plot indicating differential Dek expression throughout myeloid specific normal murine hematopoietic differentiation. Each radius represents a particular hematopoietic cell stage. (ii) Bar chart highlighting Dek expression during normal ALK inhibitor differentiation from the common myeloid cells towards the granulocytic

(G) and monocytic (M) lineages. *** p < 0.001. Abbreviations as follows: long-term hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSC), short-term hematopoietic stem cells (ST-HSC), lymphoid primed multipotent progenitor (LMPP), common lymphoid progenitor (CLP), early T-cell progenitor (ETP), immunoglobulin M positive side population cells (IgM + SP), natural killer (NK), granulocyte macrophage (GM), granulocyte monocyte progenitor (GMP), megakaryocyte erythroid precursor (MkE) megakaryocyte precursor (MkP) and colony forming units erythroid cell (CFUE). This study was supported and funded by Leukaemia & Lymphoma NIR2561CNR (GEL, KIM, MJP), the START-Program of the Faculty of Medicine, RWTH www.selleckchem.com/products/DAPT-GSI-IX.html Aachen University (to F.K.) and the German Research Foundation

(DFG; KA 2799/1 to F.K.). “
“Neurosurgical stimulation studies are an important source of information about cortical function (Penfield and Rasmussen, 1950). Patients may undergo pre-surgical implantation of subdural electrodes for functional mapping, to inform subsequent surgery. By direct electrical stimulation (DES) between specific pairs of electrodes (or by equivalent intraoperative stimulation with movable electrodes), clinicians can assess the functional role of a given cortical region, and thus guide neurosurgical interventions. Because DES can be performed in awake patients, it provides a crucial insight into the contribution of diverse cortical regions to conscious experience (Desmurget et al., 2009, Fritsch and Hitzig, 1870 and Penfield and Rasmussen, 1950). In particular, the clinician can stimulate a particular cortical region and assess the impact on the patient’s behaviour, and subjectively reported sensation. Penfield and Boldrey (Penfield and

Boldrey, 1937) classically mapped the human motor cortex in this way. Their work is known primarily for the ‘positive’ sensorimotor signs they evoked in specific muscles, leading Cell press to the famous motor homunculus. Interestingly, stimulation of some cortical sites has ‘negative’ effects, causing inhibition of an ongoing movement. These sites have been termed ‘negative motor areas’ (NMAs) in the neurosurgical literature (Lüders et al., 1995). In his early studies, Penfield (Penfield and Boldrey, 1937, Penfield and Jasper, 1954 and Penfield and Rasmussen, 1950) had already described speech arrest following stimulation at some sites within the supplementary motor area (SMA). However, this aspect of Penfield’s data has been neglected, in comparison to the attention paid to the positive motor homunculus.