Three hundred seventy-two patients were recruited in the context of a multicenter resistant depression study. They were genotyped for COX-2 and OXTR SNPs. Treatment resistance (according to two different definitions), response and remission were recorded. We did not observe any association between the genotypes or alleles of the selected SNPs within COX-2 and OXTR Selleckchem Flavopiridol genes and treatment resistance, response and remission in the whole sample. Our results are consistent with those of some studies but not with those of other ones. Indeed,

several factors could be involved in the discrepancy observed across studies. They include sample size, environmental factors, differences in ethnicity, different study designs, and different definitions of treatment resistance. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“P. B. Sederberg,

M. W. Howard, and M. J. Kahana (2008) have proposed an updated version of the temporal-context MK-8776 cost model (TCM-A). In doing so, they accepted the challenge of developing a single-store model to account for the dissociations between short-and long-term recency effects that were reviewed by E. J. Davelaar, Y. Goshen-Gottstein, A. Ashkenazi, H. J. Haarmann, and M. Usher (2005). In this commentary, the authors argue that the success of TCM-A in addressing the dissociations is dependent not only on an episodic encoding matrix but-critically-also on its implicit use of a short-term memory store-albeit exponential rather than buffer-like. The authors also highlight some difficulties of TCM-A in accounting for these dissociations, and they LY3023414 concentration argue

that TCM-A fails to account for critical data-the presentation-rate effect-that dissociates exponential and buffer-like models.”
“The identification of several families of innate pattern recognition receptors has greatly enhanced our understanding of the host innate immune response against a variety of pathogens. One such family of innate receptors is the nucleotide-binding domain and leucine rich repeat containing receptors (NLRs). NOD2 has been characterized as a cytosolic sensor of bacteria peptidoglycan (PGN). For almost 10 years, NOD2 was assigned with the function of mediating the RICK- and nuclear factor-kappa B induced proinflammatory response triggered by PGN. Recent studies have extended the biological activity of NOD2 to include the induction of autophagy and antiviral responses, as well as mediating direct T cell activation. Here, we highlight and discuss these new findings in the context of immune activation and pathogen detection.”
“Boyles et al. (this issue) argue against the use of body temperature (T(b)) thresholds to quantify the expression of torpor in endotherms and our purpose is to provide a counterpoint argument. We contend that Tb thresholds provide valuable information about ecological factors influencing the evolution of thermoregulation.