Nutlin-3a nmr Buchanan: So that—methanol turned out to be an excellent way to stop reactions.   Benson: Yes.   Buchanan: Actually, one of the advantages of the

algae is that you can pipette them.   Benson: Yeah.   Discovery of 3-phosphoglyceric acid Buchanan: You can manipulate them very easily. So one of the early experiments you did after your return to Berkeley was to look for the first stable, labeled product in the C14O2 photosynthesis experiments. You were successful in that endeavor. What is that—what is the name of that product?   Benson: Three-phosphoglyceric acid.   Buchanan: 3-Phosphoglyceric acid. And who—who discovered that product?   Benson: I and Melvin really—I separated the products on an ion-exchange column. And there were two peaks, indicating that there were two—two acidic groups. And one was a carboxyl of 3-phosphoglycerate

VX-680 supplier and the other was the phosphate.   Buchanan: How did you know that this was the earliest stable product? selleck products Did you do a short exposure experiment?   Benson: Short exposure to radioactive CO2.   Buchanan: And this was the first product you saw.   Benson: Yeah.   Buchanan: And one of the new aspects was the use of the ion-exchange column to identify this radioactive product.   Benson: Yeah.   Buchanan: And then, once that product was identified, once 3-phosphoglyceric acid was identified, that influenced subsequent research in the laboratory to—to elucidate the path of carbon dioxide in photosynthesis. The early work was started with Warburg vessels that were common at the time. But the Warburg vessel evolved to this modified form.   Benson: A Warburg vessel was more like a little flask. So I had—made a flat one, so it would get a lot of light on them. And—and it will work much better.   Buchanan: So this would be a modified Warburg vessel. But the real ingenuity came with the development of the lollipop. Could you describe that?   Benson: If you want to put algae spread out over a certain area, you just flatten the thing. Instead of shaking that way, it’s—you can shake it this way, by bubbling air through it or nitrogen or whatever you want.   Buchanan: How was the lollipop illuminated?   Benson: From

both sides.   Buchanan: From Liothyronine Sodium both sides.   Benson: Yeah. Either by—with fluorescent lights or by shooting through a glass through water—contained—heat absorbing glass. And the water took away the heat out of the glass, to keep it from cracking.   Buchanan: I think the approach was to expose cells to C14O2 for short experiments and then follow the carbon as it progressed   Buchanan: —with time. Could you show how you removed the samples from the lollipop?   Benson: Well, you turn the stopcock to collect the algae.   Buchanan: Who designed the lollipop?   Benson: I did.   Buchanan: You did. But then, in this case, the—you open the stopcock and, after a certain period of time, the contents were transferred to hot methanol.   Benson: Yeah.