Briefly, 30 g of solid phase was washed with 350 mL anaerobic MES buffer (2-(N-morpholino) ethane sulfonic acid; pH 6.5, 39°C) to remove the non-associated and loosely-associated microbes, and then recovered by filtration (100 μm). A 5 g sample of washed digesta containing the SAM was cut in an anaerobic environment, suspended in 25 mL of anaerobic MES buffer and stored at −80°C pending enzyme extraction. The SAM fraction was broken up by defrosting and ultrasonic disintegration (four 30 s periods with 30 s intervals at 4°C; Branson 250 D 200 W, Elvetec services, Clermont-Ferrand, France).

Samples were centrifuged (15,000 g, 15 min, 4°C) and the supernatant Small molecule library containing the released enzymes was stored in capped tubes at −80°C before assay. Polysaccharidase activities were determined by assaying the amount of reducing sugars released from purified substrates (Birchwood-xylan, Sigma X-0502; carboxymethylcellulose, Sigma C-5678; potato starch, Sigma S-2004) after incubation for 1 h at 39°C. Briefly, the reducing sugars were converted into colored products using PAHBAH (4-hydroxybenzhydrazide) in the presence of bismuth and quantified spectrophotometrically at 410 nm [24].

The protein content of the enzyme preparations was determined Selleck LY2606368 according to Pierce and Suelter [25] using bovine serum albumin as standard in 96-well plates using the Nanoquant Infinite M200 spectrophotometer (Tecan Austria GmbH, Grödig, Austria). Enzyme activities were expressed in μmol of reducing sugar released per g of DM per hour (total activity) and in μmol of reducing sugar released per mg protein per hour (specific activity). Fermentation parameters Volatile fatty acids and lactate concentrations were determined by gas chromatography (CP 9002 Gas Chromatograph,

Chrompack, Middelburg, Germany) and an enzymatic method (Enzyplus EZA 891+, D/L-Lactic Acid, Raisio Diagnostics, Rome, Italy) respectively as described in Lettat et al. [13]. For NH3-N, thawed samples were centrifuged at 10,000 g for 10 min and NH3-N concentration was determined in the supernatant using the Berthelot CYT387 order reaction [26]. The reaction was carried out in duplicate in 96-well plates and read using Branched chain aminotransferase the Nanoquant Infinite M200 spectrophotometer (Tecan Austria GmbH, Grödig, Austria). Statistical procedure All the data were analyzed in repeated time using the MIXED procedure of SAS, with SP(POW) as covariance structure for unequally spaced data. Within each Latin square, the period (1 to 4), treatment (C vs. P, vs. Lp + P, vs. Lr + P), feed challenge day (d1 vs. d3) and time (−1 vs. + 6 h and −1 vs. + 3 h for rumen fermentation and microbiological parameters, respectively) were considered as fixed effects, and animal as random. Results were considered significant for P ≤ 0.05. When treatment was significant, means were separated using orthogonal contrasts: C vs. (P, Lp + P, Lr + P); P vs. (Lp + P, Lr + P) and Lp + P vs. Lr + P.