Among these new terms, every term that starts with “”modulation”" or “”regulation”" has two child terms, one is “”positive regulation of…”", and the other is “”negative regulation of…”" Note that these child terms are general GO terms; “”position

regulation,”" for example, includes induction, upregulation, stimulation, etc. Four diagrams (see Figures 3, 4, 5, 6) encompassing the 256 new and 38 extant GO terms explicitly depict our description of pathogenesis, with an emphasis on appressorium formation and signal transduction. More details about each step are presented in the following sections. Spore dispersal this website Dispersal of spores is the most common process to initiate new infections [5], though direct infection by hyphae may occur. selleck chemical An Selleck Quizartinib example of the latter is the spread of ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes in forest soils. Dispersal mechanisms can be grouped into two types: one is passive dispersal by wind, water or animal [7], and the other is active dispersal such as shooting ascospores through the boundary layer of air surrounding the fruiting body by forcible discharge [8]. Similarly, spores can be grouped

into two types according to their motility. In fungi non-motile spores include sexual spores such as ascospores, rust urediniospores, sclerotia and conidiospores, while non-motile oomycete spores include oospores, sporangiospores and conidia. Motile spores with flagella, called zoospores, are ubiquitous among oomycetes and are also found in chytrid fungi [9]. Additionally, spores vary in requirements for dormancy. Some spores, such as zoospores, must encyst and differentiate

to acquire qualities of dormancy before they become true spores [10]. Different spores vary in the length of the dormancy period; for example, some ascospores and oospores show extended dormancy, while RVX-208 others such as zoospores and ascomycete conidia are usually short-lived. Three new GO terms including the term “”GO ID 0075325 spore dispersal on or near host”" were developed under the node “”GO ID 0051701 …interaction with host”" to describe the mechanisms of spore dispersal. New terms describing active or passive dispersal mechanisms were placed as children of “”spore dispersal on or near host”" (see Figure 3). Eight new GO terms describing spore motility were listed under the node “”GO ID 0052127 movement on or near host”". The term “”GO ID 0075230 spore movement on or near host”" is central to these eight terms with “”GO ID 0075234 zoospore movement on or near host”" as the principal child term (see Figure 3). Similarly, eight new GO terms were added under “”GO ID 0044408 growth or development of symbiont on or near host”" to describe spore encystment. The term “”GO ID 0075214 spore encystment on host”" is central to these eight terms, with the term “”GO ID 0075218 zoospore encystment on host”" as the main child term (see Figure 3).