Further research on improvement of these factors is required to facilitate evidence-based dissemination of dental tobacco intervention practice. Unfortunately, studies regarding reimbursement for smoking cessation treatment are very scarce. Interviews of dental insurance

company executives in the United States [21] revealed that dissemination of findings on the efficacy of intervention and additional research on financial returns could help promote the uptake of coverage by insurers. In addition, wider issues of integration between dental and medical care and payment systems must be addressed in future research to expand opportunities for preventive services in dental settings. Because the universal health insurance system in Japan does not cover preventive services, clinical trials that directly demonstrate the effectiveness of smoking cessation on the Selleck Sirolimus treatment of dental diseases must be conducted. Another barrier is the limitation of prescription of medications for smoking cessation [46]. Mouth ulcers were a common symptom in the first 2 weeks following smoking cessation and more prevalent in more dependent smokers [47]. Pharmacological studies regarding the effect of medications Lonafarnib chemical structure for smoking cessation

on oral symptoms and diseases may be required so that the list for dental medications to be prescribed can be subjected to review. Training of dental professionals increased the implementation frequency of tobacco cessation interventions [48]. Dentists who were trained in workshops or self-study programs used components of recommended guidelines more frequently, and they felt more positive toward tobacco cessation counseling compared with dentists in a control group [49]. Dentists willing to undergo specific training appreciated online and continuing education Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase courses equally [50]. No significant differences were found between participants in clinics using the

5 A and 3 A (ask, advise, faxed quitline referrals) strategies, and both strategies were effective for intervention. E-mail contact was critical to longitudinal engagement in an Internet-delivered intervention training for dental providers. Group education in lecture format could be a cost-efficient and effective method of teaching dentists about the latest methods of promoting tobacco cessation. Faculties of dentistry that implemented tobacco use cessation training provided a useful resource for educational materials and referrals. Relevant FCTC stakeholders in the dental profession should assume stewardship by providing support for the training of dental professionals in tobacco counseling [51]. Models [52] and assessments [53] of continuing education programs on tobacco cessation were recommended at the first European workshop on tobacco use prevention and cessation for dental professionals. The roles of dental hygienists in tobacco interventions are highlighted in many studies.