The fermentation continued until the glucose was used completely. Samples were withdrawn at intervals for testing 2 KGA, residual glucose, pH and cell concentration. Analytical methods Bacteriophage titer was analysed as learn more described by Adams [18]. Briefly, 100 μl of diluted phage solution, 100 μl of a bacterial overnight culture, and 3 ml of molten agar were mixed in a glass tube and poured into Crenigacestat in vivo a TSA containing Petri dish. Plates were incubated for 18 h before enumeration

for plaque forming units (PFU). The concentration of 2KGA was determined and calculated on the basis of glucose concentration using Polarimetry method [28]. The optical rotation degree of final sample solution was determined with WZZ-1SS Digital Automatic Polarimeter (Precision Instrument Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China). The 2KGA concentration was calculated with the standard Equation. Glucose

concentration was assayed with Biosensor Analyzer (Shandong Academy of Sciences Institute of Biology, Jinan, China) at 25°C. Cell concentration was represented by optical density at 650 nm (OD650 nm). 2KGA production performance was evaluated based on 2KGA concentration, productivity, and yield to glucose. 2KGA productivity was defined as the amount of 2KGA produced per hour per liter. 2KGA yield was calculated by dividing the amount of 2KGA produced by the amount of glucose consumed. All fermentation tests were run in duplicate. Data analysis including analysis of variance was conducted selleck kinase inhibitor using the SAS System (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). Acknowledgements This work was supported by funding by Advanced Programs of Jiangxi Postdoctoral Foundation, Research Foundation for Advanced Talents of Jiangsu University (08JDG029), Leaders of Disciplines and Science Cultivation Program of Jiangxi Province (2008DD00600), Jiangxi Provincial Engineering & Technology Research Center for Food Additives Bio-Production, National

Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC 31101269), Science & Technology Program of Jiangxi Province (2010DQB00800 and No. [2008]147), Science & Technology Platform Construction Program of Jiangxi Province (2010DTZ01900), and Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions. References 1. Pringsulaka eltoprazine O, Patarasinpaiboon N, Suwannasai N, Atthakor W, Rangsiruji A: Isolation and characterisation of a novel Podoviridae-phage infecting Weissella cibaria N 22 from Nham, a Thai fermented pork sausage. Food Microbiol 2011, 28:518–525.PubMedCrossRef 2. Sturino JM, Klaenhammer TR: Engineered bacteriophage-defence systems in bioprocessing. Nat Rev Microbiol 2006, 4:395–404.PubMedCrossRef 3. Wang S, Kong J, Gao C, Guo T, Liu X: Isolation and characterization of a novel virulent phage (phiLdb) of Lactobacillus delbrueckii. Int J Food Microbiol 2010, 137:22–27.PubMedCrossRef 4. Jones DT, Shirley M, Wu X, Keis S: Bacteriophage infections in the industrial acetone butanol(AB) fermentation process.