Among the nations in 2021, the U.S. boasted the most valuable crop at $531 million, with Russia closely behind at $512 million, Spain at $405 million, and Mexico concluding at $332 million, the FAO reported in 2021.

One of the most destructive plant diseases, fire blight, caused by Erwinia amylovora, inflicts enormous economic losses on a global scale. Reports of fire blight first emerged in Korea, targeting apples, pears, and the Chinese quince (Park et al., 2016; Myung et al., 2016a, 2016b). However, recent studies have identified additional host species, such as apricot (Lee et al., 2021) and mountain ash (Lim et al., 2023). Vastus medialis obliquus These reports strongly indicate the possibility of fire blight dispersing to new hosts located in Korea. During the nationwide survey in June 2021, we observed typical symptoms of blossom blight and shoot blight on a Chinese hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge) just near an orchard (3709'217N, 12735'026E) in Icheon, Gyeonggi Province, where fire blight of Asian pear occurred. Using tryptic soy agar (TSA) medium from BD Difco (USA), bacterial isolates causing blight were cultivated from surface-sterilized (70% alcohol, 30 seconds) and homogenized (500 µL, 10 mM MgCl2) blighted leaves and shoots after a 24-hour incubation period at 28°C for causal agent identification. Pure cultures of colonies characterized by white to mucoid appearances were developed on mannitol glutamate yeast extract (MGY) medium, a semi-selective environment specifically chosen for E. amylovora (Shrestha et al, 2003). Colony PCR, using amsB primers as described by Bereswill et al. (1995), yielded a 15-kb amplicon from two isolates. E. amylovora strain TS3128, originating from a pear tree in 2016 and detailed in Park et al.'s study, displayed amplicons identical to those generated by the Chinese hawthorn strains CPFB26 and CPFB27. Extraction of total DNA from the two strains, employing the Wizard DNA prep kit (Promega, USA), was followed by PCR amplification using fD1 (5'-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3') and Rp2 (5'-ACGGCTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3') primer sets, and the resultant products were sequenced to yield the partial 16S rRNA sequences (Weisburg et al. 1991). In phylogenetic analysis (GenBank accession no.), the sequences, belonging to the E. amylovora clade, were identified as E. amylovora. Returning the requested items, OP753569 and OP753570, is necessary. CPFB26 and CPFB27 sequences, as determined by BLASTN analysis, exhibited an astonishing 99.78% similarity to the sequences of the E. amylovora strains TS3128, CFBP 1430, and ATCC 49946. To determine the pathogenic capacity of the isolated strains of bacteria, 10 bacterial suspensions, each containing 15 x 10^8 colony-forming units per milliliter, were injected into the second leaf from the top of 3-month-old apple rootstock clones (Malus domestica cultivar). M29 samples were incubated for six days at 28 degrees Celsius in a chamber illuminated with a 12-hour light cycle. The petioles and stems reddened, and the shoots were unfortunately consumed by blight. For the purpose of confirming Koch's postulates, colonies were isolated from the inoculated apple rootstocks and grown on TSA medium. These isolates were then verified by colony PCR using the amsB and A/B primer set, as described in Powney et al. (2011). Studies on fire blight have indicated that hawthorn is a critically important alternate host plant, a finding supported by van der Zwet et al. (2012). First reported in Korea, this study links fire blight in Chinese hawthorn to the E. amylovora pathogen. The study's results, based on the native Korean distribution and significant landscaping usage of Chinese hawthorn (Jang et al., 2006), indicate that early monitoring procedures could help prevent the dispersal of fire blight through indigenous plant life.

Cultivated in Thailand, the giant philodendron (Philodendron giganteum Schott) stands as a valuable ornamental houseplant, holding great economic importance. This plant, affected by anthracnose disease, was observed at a nursery situated in Saraphi District, Chiang Mai Province (18°40'18″ N, 99°3'17″ E), Thailand, during the rainy season of July 2022. The investigation covered a region roughly 800 meters in extent. A disease prevalence exceeding 15% was calculated from a total plant population of 220. The percentage of necrotic lesion on each plant leaf, a gauge of the disease severity, fell between 25% and 50% of the total leaf area. Leaf symptoms initially presented as brown spots on the leaves, which progressively enlarged, elongated, and became irregular, sunken, dark brown, measuring 1 to 11 centimeters in length and 0.3 to 3.5 centimeters in width, with a distinct yellow halo. After contracting the ailment, the leaves withered and ultimately died. Sections of leaf tissue (5 mm × 5 mm) taken from the boundaries between lesions and unaffected plant tissue were surface sterilized by using 1% sodium hypochlorite for 60 seconds, 70% ethanol for 30 seconds, and three washes with sterile distilled water. Tissues were set onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) and put into a dark incubator kept at 25 Celsius for cultivation. Using a single hyphal tip method on PDA, pure fungal colonies were isolated after three days of incubation, adhering to the protocol of Korhonen and Hintikka (1980). SDBR-CMU471 and SDBR-CMU472, two fungal isolates, were found to possess comparable morphological appearances. Three days of incubation at 25°C on PDA resulted in white fungal colonies, characterized by a 38 to 40 mm diameter. A week later, the colonies transitioned into a grayish-white hue, featuring a cottony mycelial morphology. The reverse surface of the colonies exhibited a pale yellow pigmentation. Both isolates' growth on PDA resulted in the formation of asexual structures. With a cylindrical base and an acuminate tip, setae measured 50 to 110 by 24 to 40 m, displaying a brown color and 1 to 3 septa. Septate conidiophores, branching, were a pale brown to hyaline color. Conidiogenous cells, characterized by a shape that could be described as either cylindrical or ampulliform and a color spectrum from hyaline to pale brown, had a length that measured between 95 and 35 micrometers (n=50). Cylindrical, single-celled, smooth-walled, straight conidia with hyaline characteristics, rounded ends, and guttulate structures, were observed to be 91 to 196 by 35 to 56 µm in size (n = 50). Appressoria (n = 50) were characterized by smooth walls, varying in color from brown to dark brown, and in shape from oval to irregular, with dimensions ranging from 5 to 10 micrometers by 5 to 75 micrometers. A morphological comparison of the fungal isolates indicated their similarity to members of the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex, consistent with previous work by Weir et al. (2012) and Jayawardena et al. (2021). Amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ribosomal DNA region, coupled with actin (act), -tubulin (tub2), calmodulin (CAL), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) genes, was performed using the primer pairs ITS5/ITS4 (White et al., 1990), ACT-512F/ACT-783R (Carbone and Kohn, 1999), T1/T22 (O'Donnell and Cigelnik, 1997), CL1C/CL2C (Weir et al., 2012), and GDF1/GDR1 (Templeton et al., 1992), respectively. Sequences were submitted to GenBank, encompassing entries ITS OQ699280 and OQ699281, act OQ727122 and OQ727123, tub2 OQ727124 and OQ727125, CAL OQ727126 and OQ727127, and GAPDH OQ727128 and OQ727129. Phylogenetic analyses employing maximum likelihood and a combined dataset of ITS, GAPDH, CAL, act, and tub2 sequences, unequivocally confirmed both isolates as *C. siamense* with 100% bootstrap support. A pathogenicity test involved surface sterilizing the leaves of healthy plants with a 0.1% sodium hypochlorite solution, allowing it to act for 3 minutes, followed by three rinses using sterile distilled water. Each leaf, after undergoing air drying, had a uniform wound (5 pores, 3 mm wide) created at its equator using aseptic needles. Conidial suspensions were harvested from two-week-old cultures, then re-suspended in sterile distilled water with 0.05% Tween-20 added. Wounded, attached leaves received fifteen microliters of the conidial suspension, which held one million conidia per milliliter. Iberdomide molecular weight Injured control leaves, as well, were subjected to mock inoculation using sterile distilled water. Each treatment group underwent ten replications, and the experiments were repeated twice. Maintaining a temperature of 25 to 30 degrees Celsius and a relative humidity of 75 to 85 percent, the greenhouse housed inoculated plants. Following a fortnight, the inoculated foliage exhibited signs of illness, manifesting as brown lesions encircled by yellow halos, while the control leaves displayed no symptoms. The inoculated tissues were consistently found to harbor re-isolated C. siamense, cultivated on PDA, thereby completing the Koch's postulates. Farr and Rossman (2021) and Jayawardena et al. (2021) have documented Colletotrichum siamense as a causal agent affecting a wide range of plant hosts in Thailand and internationally. Previous investigations, represented by Xue et al. (2020) and Zhang et al. (2023), confirmed that C. endophytica, C. karsti, C. orchidearum, C. philodendricola, and C. pseudoboninense are responsible for anthracnose occurrences on philodendron species. Giant philodendron (P.) plants are afflicted by anthracnose, a fungal infection caused by Colletotrichum species. Previous research has not yielded any instances of giganteum. Therefore, we suggest *C. siamense* as a fresh causal factor for anthracnose affecting giant philodendron plants. This study's findings provide a basis for more extensive investigations into the epidemiology and management of this disease. Genetically-encoded calcium indicators Moreover, a further scrutinizing search for this pathogen is warranted in other Thai philodendron-growing regions.

Diosmetin-7-O-D-glucopyranoside (Diosmetin-7-O-glucoside), a natural flavonoid glycoside, is associated with therapeutic applications for cardiovascular diseases. Cardiac fibrosis stands as the major pathological shift in the terminal phase of cardiovascular illnesses. The involvement of endothelial-mesenchymal transformation (EndMT) in cardiac fibrosis is linked to endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) activating Src pathways. The exact manner in which diosmetin-7-O-glucoside modulates EndMT and ER stress to combat cardiac fibrosis remains an open area of investigation. Molecular docking analysis in this study indicated a strong binding affinity between diosmetin-7-O-glucoside and markers associated with the ER stress and Src pathways. Cardiac fibrosis, triggered by isoprenaline (ISO), was significantly suppressed by Diosmetin-7-O-glucoside, along with reduced EndMT and ER stress levels in mice.