Further studies into the time sequence of recruitment, and the physiology of BMDCs might elucidate the preferential healing of mucosal wounds as compared to skin wounds. This knowledge may contribute to the development of new therapies for difficult healing wounds. Research selleck chemical was funded by the Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre. None declared. Ethical approval was given by the Board for animal experiments (DEC nr 2008-051). “
“The ability to preserve the female gamete is becoming an integral part of assisted reproductive

techniques (ARTs) as it increases the availability of oocytes for use in such techniques. Successful cryopreservation of the oocyte would allow for the preservation of genetic resources of farm and wild animals as well as the preservation of gametes of women with premature loss of ovarian function. However, because of their large size and marked sensitivity to cooling, the cryopreservation of oocytes is very difficult in most mammals. Up

to now, the standard method used to cryopreserve mammalian oocytes has been slow freezing, which includes slow cooling rates and low concentrations of cryoprotectants agents. Vitrification, which uses rapid cooling rates and a very high concentration of cryoprotectants to prevent the formation of ice crystals, usually replaces slow freezing. This method has been utilized in several species of domestic animals, such as sheep [7], horses [34], cats [16] and cattle [21] and [33]. Z-VAD-FMK ic50 However, the overall success of the oocytes in developing to the blastocyst stage is still very low. Multiple attempts have been made for improving the efficiency of oocyte vitrification by maximizing the cooling rate and minimizing the cryoprotectant concentration. One approach for achieving a rapid cooling rate is to

reduce the volume of the vitrification solution. In this regard, various methods have been proposed, initially MDS was developed by Arav in 1992 [28], and then many other devices were developed such as Open Pulled Straw (OPS) [35], cryoloop [13], hemi-straw [37] and cryotop [12]. Among these methods, DCLK1 cryotop uses a very small amount of vitrification solution and is reportedly more practical and efficient for cryopreserving bovine oocytes [21] and [22]. Even with the advantages of the cryotop method compared to others, the results obtained with vitrification of bovine oocytes remain unsatisfactory [5], [19], [21], [22] and [42]. The cell damage that occurs during cryopreservation is caused by several factors, such as osmotic stress, toxicity of the cryoprotectants used, formation of ice crystals with consequent damage to cellular organelles [29] and direct chilling injury (DCI).