Surprisingly, all four abundant sample-specific sequences from volunteer S3 (two see more streptococci, Granulicatella and Corynebacterium) and five of the ten abundant sample-specific sequences from volunteer S1 (three streptococci, Haemophilus and Acidovorax) were found solely in the saliva sample of the respective individuals. The relatively high abundance of these saliva-specific organisms suggests that they are a part of the commensal LY2835219 concentration oral microbiota. The most likely source of these organisms is a niche that was not specifically sampled but was exposed to saliva, e.g., tonsils, back of the tongue or subgingival

plaque. Tonsils, for instance, have been shown to harbour a more diverse community than intraoral mucosal or dental sites [15]. On average, each individual sample harboured 266 “”species-level”" phylotypes (SD 67; range

123 – 326) (Figure 6A). This is again considerably higher than the previously reported 4 – 28 species per site using traditional cloning and sequencing methods [15] or 10 – 81 species using a 16S rRNA gene-based microarray [20]. Figure 6 Diversity statistics of individual samples. Diversity statistics: A) number of taxa AZD8186 mouse (OTUs clustering sequences at a 3% genetic difference) per sampling site for each individual; B) diversity index – Shannon diversity index, H, taking into account PLEK2 the number and the proportion (abundance) of taxa. A trend for a higher diversity was observed in the samples taken at the approximal surfaces and the lingual surface of the front teeth (Figure 6B). The approximal surfaces, also known as plaque stagnations sites, are protected from regular toothbrushing. Although volunteers were asked to brush their teeth

12 hr before the samples were collected, the use of interdental oral hygiene means such as floss or toothpicks was not controlled. It is likely that older and thus more diverse plaque [21] was sampled at these sites. Higher diversity of the plaque from the lingual surface of the front tooth but not that of the molar tooth suggests that the composition of plaque of the lingual surface of the front tooth might be influenced by the anatomy of this surface – a protruding rounded tubercle at the gingival third of the crown, near the gingival sulcus. The area near the sulcus, protected by the tubercle, may have provided a niche suitable for more diverse microorganisms than anatomically flat lingual surface of the molar. The two cheek samples from individual S1 and individual S3 showed the lowest diversity among all samples (Figure 6B). These samples were dominated by only two OTUs each, identified as streptococci, with 70 sequences comprising 13% of all reads in the sample from S1, and 46 sequences comprising 17% of the reads in the cheek sample from S3.