NeuroReport 24:233-240

(C) 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health ver

NeuroReport 24:233-240

(C) 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.”
“The response to molybdenum (Mo) was studied in the metal-tolerant hydrophyte Trapa natans L. Previously, it was shown that the plant accumulates Mn in the floating lamina by means of phenolic compounds and responded with acclimation responses GSK J4 price of the chloroplast. Since the involvement of phenolics has been proposed also in Mo resistance, we tested the response of T. natans to increasing doses (5, 50, 150, 600 A mu M) of Mo using the photosynthetic apparatus as an indicator of cellular stress. Only 5 mu M Mo did not cause evident modifications with respect to controls. Conversely, 50 to 600 mu M Mo induced progressively marked alterations of the lamina morphology. The chloroplast ultrastructure showed disorganisation of the thylakoid system, and correspondingly, the photosynthetic pigment pattern was altered with a fall-down in photosynthesis. Microspectrofluorimetry indicated alterations of photosystem selleck compound II, with differences among the three cell layers (first and second palisade and spongy tissues). While the highest dose caused plant death, 50 and 150 mu M Mo-treated plants underwent partial recovery, and the plant survived up to the end of the vegetative season. However, reproduction was unsuccessful. Mo treatment did not

induce increase in total phenolics, but only in anthocyanin. In contrast to Mn, detoxification of Mo by chelation inside vacuoles, possibly by anthocyanins, is suggested to be an insufficient mechanism to reduce Mo toxicity, which probably includes an impairment of nitrogen metabolism. However, the metal was accumulated in the lamina. On the whole, T. natans showed limited capabilities to survive Mo excess as compared with Mn.”
“Adolescent rats emit 50 kHz ultrasonic vocalizations, a marker of positive emotion, during rough-and-tumble play or on tickling stimulation. The emission of 50 kHz ultrasonic vocalizations

in response to tickling is suggested to be mediated by dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens; however, there is no direct evidence supporting this hypothesis. The present study aimed to elucidate selleck products whether play behavior (tickling) in adolescent rats can trigger dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens with hedonic 50 kHz ultrasonic vocalizations. The effect of tickling stimulation was compared with light-touch stimulation, as a discernible stimulus. We examined 35-40-day-old rats, which corresponds to the period of midadolescence. Tickling stimulation for 5 min significantly increased dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens (118 +/- 7% of the prestimulus control value). Conversely, light-touch stimulation for 5 min did not significantly change dopamine release. In addition, 50 kHz ultrasonic vocalizations were emitted during tickling stimulation but not during light-touch stimulation.

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