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WZ conceived of the study and participated in its design and coordination. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Pseudocapacitors, based on reversible redox reactions at/near the surface of the electrode, represent one type of supercapacitors having the potential for high energy densities [1–3]. As is known, the excellent electrode should primarily meet the following key requirements: (1) a large number of electroactive sites, (2) high transport rates of both electrolyte ions and electrons, and (3) high electronic conductivity [4]. Among various pseudocapacitor electrode materials, RuO2 has been extensively studied because of its ultrahigh theoretical capacitance (2,000 F · g-1 in a wide potential window of 1.4 V), a nearly metallic electrical conductivity and excellent chemical stability [5]. However, RuO2 has the drawbacks of high cost and toxicity. Therefore, extensive efforts have been made to search for alternative materials, such as Ni, Co, or Mn-based oxides/hydroxides [6–9]. Because the energy density of a supercapacitor is proportional to the square of the cell voltage, the energy density of Ni- and Co-related materials is limited by the narrow potential window [10].