Covariates included in the models were age, gender, AIDS-defining illness, start year of HAART, baseline

viral load, baseline CD4 cell count, weight and baseline antiretroviral therapy (ART) agents such as nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors KU-57788 clinical trial (NNRTIs), protease inhibitors (PIs) and boosted PIs. The effects of HIV/HBV and HIV/HCV coinfection were modelled with two separate binary variables. Models for ever developing an elevation in each blood lipid measurement (total cholesterol, total:HDL cholesterol ratio, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides) or using lipid-lowering drugs were also developed separately. Covariates that were significant at P<0.10 in the univariate models were considered as candidates for inclusion in the multivariate model. All statistical analyses were performed using sas 9.2 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). There MLN0128 chemical structure were 3132 HIV-monoinfected, HIV/HCV-coinfected and HIV/HBV-coinfected individuals who initiated HAART in the OCS. Participants who used anti-HCV drugs prior to or during

HAART (n=95), who were diagnosed with diabetes prior to HAART (n=16) or who used lipid-lowering drugs at baseline (n=22) were excluded from the study. Of the 2999 eligible individuals, 2032 had at least one blood lipid measurement after HAART initiation and were included in the final analysis (Table 1). Of these, 1587 (78.1%) were HIV-monoinfected, 255 (12.6%) were HIV/HCV-coinfected and 190 (9.3%) were HIV/HBV-coinfected. Thirty-two individuals coinfected with both HBV and HCV were included in the HIV/HCV coinfection group. The median age was 49 years [interquartile range (IQR) 44–56 years], 1790 (88%) were male and 1411 (73%) were men who have sex with men. One thousand five hundred and three (74%) were white and 208 (10%) were black. There were more individuals who had ever smoked in the HIV/HCV-coinfected group: 119 (74%) in comparison with 519 (55%) of the HIV-monoinfected participants and 75 (56%) of the HIV/HBV-coinfected

participants. The median weight was 74.6 kg (IQR 64.9–82.9 kg). Liothyronine Sodium Of the population assessed, 1032 (50.8%) were ART-naïve at the time of HAART initiation. Among ART-experienced individuals, 96.6% had previously been exposed to NRTIs, 51.9% to PIs and 20.2% to NNRTIs prior to initiating the course of HAART evaluated in our study. One hundred and sixty-four (16.4%) of the ART-experienced individuals were not on ART at the time of starting their HAART regimen. The median length of time the individuals were not on ART was 10.3 (IQR 2.0–37.5) months. Proportions of grade 3 or 4 baseline triglycerides were low overall and lower for ART-naïve than for ART-experienced individuals [0.58% (six individuals) vs. 2.1% (21 individuals), respectively; P=0.003]. Other blood lipid levels did not differ at baseline between ART-naïve and ART-experienced participants.