, 2001). In 1995, (Nobel et al. (1995)) demonstrated that another DC, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), induces apoptosis in thymocytes by increasing the intracellular level of copper and, consequently, changing the redox activity in the medium, a similar result obtained here, but with relation with time and concentration of the DC. (Viquez et al. (2008)) suggested that DEDTC had the ability to accumulate copper, leading to lipid oxidation and damage with myelin inflammation in rats. Our studies showed that the cellular response was influenced by the DEDTC concentration with a non-linear accumulation of copper

INCB024360 datasheet inside the cell. The effect of a higher DEDTC concentration that did not cause cell toxicity – as 25 μM – is a lower intracellular

copper accumulation than DEDTC at 5 μM, proving that copper content inside the cell can be responsible for the effects of DEDTC toxicity. Consequently, the intracellular accumulation of copper could generate oxidative stress with the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS); many studies have reported the influence of copper on the formation of ROS in neuroblastoma cells that causes DNA damage (Arciello et al., 2005, Marengo et al., 2005, Gabbianelli et al., 1999 and Filomeni et al., 2007). Our results of the cell cycle studies (Fig. 2C) showed an increase in number of cells in the sub-G1 phase upon DEDTC treatment, confirming that the chelation caused some damage to cellular DNA. This result was confirmed by Annexin V/FITC and PI flow cytometry studies that showed an increase in the sub-G1 population Omipalisib cost during the incubation with DEDTC, clearly indicating an apoptotic process (Fig. 3B). The tumor suppressor protein p53 is a transcription factor that regulates cell cycle progression and DNA repair in cells exposed to genotoxic

stress (Culmsee and Mattson, 2005). In many types of cells, the accumulation of p53 triggers apoptosis (Morrison et al., 2003 and Meulmeester and Jochemsen, 2008). Our results suggested that DEDTC induced the accumulation of p53 (Fig. 4) and, thus, triggered apoptosis in the SH-SY5Y cells. Apoptosis is regulated and executed by two main families of proteins, the Bcl-2 family and caspases (Aravind et al., 1999 and Hacker Amine dehydrogenase et al., 2011), and their activation can be initiated in two different ways, the extrinsic pathway (cytoplasmic) or the intrinsic pathway (mitochondrial). Our intention was to clarify the role of caspase 8 in p53-dependent apoptosis induced by DEDTC. Caspase 8 is a key upstream mediator in death receptor-mediated apoptosis and also participates in mitochondria-mediated apoptosis via the cleavage of proapoptotic Bid. In our studies, the observed activation of caspases 8 and 3 (Fig. 3A) and the unchanged levels of Bcl-2 (data not shown) suggested that the mechanism of DEDTC-induced apoptosis mainly involved the extrinsic pathway.

We used a 2-step analytic approach. First, study-specific odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for an exposure–outcome relationship were estimated from multivariable logistic regression models. Second, the study-specific ORs were combined using fixed-effects

and random-effects meta-analytic models to generate summary ORs; both approaches gave similar estimates of association, so we present the random-effects models only, as such models are usually more conservative.38 A study was excluded from the second-step of a specific variable’s analysis if the logistic regression model failed because of instability. The I2 value and its 95% uncertainty interval were used to estimate the percentage of total variation across studies due to heterogeneity. 39 An I2 statistic of 0% indicates no observed heterogeneity that cannot be attributed to chance, and larger values indicate increasing heterogeneity. selleckchem Exposure variables were assessed in relation to the outcomes of Barrett’s esophagus using the following comparison groups: GERD controls and population-based controls. Continuous variables were categorized to allow for nonlinear effects, for ease of interpretation, and to reduce the effect of any outliers; exceptions click here to this were the use of continuous variables for trends, product-terms, and spline models. Minimally adjusted

models included the covariate’s age (<50, 50–59, 60–69, ≥70 years) and sex. Fully adjusted models also included BMI (<18.5, 18.5–24, 25–29, PI-1840 30–34, 35–39, ≥40) and education (categorical: school only, tech/diploma, university; unavailable and so unadjusted for in University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill study). These models were also stratified by sex, BMI, and heartburn or regurgitation (population-based control comparisons only) to assess relationships (ORs) for effect–measure modification, with P values estimated via random

effects meta-analysis of study-specific estimated effects of product-terms (eg, ever-smoke × sex). Heartburn was generally described to the patient as having ever experienced burning pain or discomfort behind the breast bone, and regurgitation was generally described as food or stomach fluid coming back up into the mouth accompanied with a sour-taste; Kaiser Permanente Northern California excluded symptoms within 1 year before diagnosis of Barrett’s esophagus, and FINBAR excluded symptoms within 5 years. In addition, FINBAR required symptoms to be frequent (>50 times per year/about once a week). Models of the additional exposures (cigarette smoking duration, intensity, initiation, and cessation) were also adjusted for total exposure (pack-years of cigarette smoking); because these variables contribute to total exposure, association testing without adjustment for total exposure could be misleading.

Analyses of the relations between the wind direction distribution and the water level in the Baltic Sea at Klaipėda (CL) show that the water level

in the south-eastern part of the Baltic Sea along the Lithuanian coast increases when westerly winds are dominant and decreases when easterly winds prevail (Dailidienė selleck chemical et al. 2006). Indeed, an area of low pressure established itself over northern Europe during the research period, and the resulting cyclonic circulation was dominated by strong westerly winds. Since the 1960s these westerly airflows have intensified (Bukantis et al. 2001, BACC 2008), as a result of which climate change can cause rapid water level rise in the south-eastern lagoons (CL and VL). On the southern Baltic coast the dominant south-west winds may also have less influence on water level rise, as a result of which the magnitude of the water level rise in the DZBC was half that in the CL and VL. Since the 1960s, westerly airflows have intensified during winter, and this has caused an increased frequency of maritime air-masses check details entering the Baltic area, which have caused higher

winter air temperatures and enhanced precipitation (Bukantis et al. 2001, BACC 2008). This process could have led to the more intensive water level rise in January–March observed in the recent period of 1979–2008. On the other hand, the precipitation data for 1978–2008 show less rainfall in the central and northern areas of the Baltic, but more in the southern part (Lehmann et al. 2010). The annual runoff from the River Nemunas into the Baltic has decreased in recent years. According to Dailidienė & Davulienė (2008) the mean Nemunas runoff of 503±40 m3 Phosphatidylinositol diacylglycerol-lyase s−1 in 1984–2005 was less than this river’s long-term runoff of 664 m3 s−1 for the period 1811–1995. The catchment area of the Nemunas makes up 5.6% of the entire catchment area of the Baltic Sea and 96% of the catchment area of the Curonian Lagoon. From

this we can conclude that if rainfall had increased in the south-eastern Baltic region, the rises in water level risings would have been greater. Generally, based on the results of this study, regression analysis showed that the rate of increase in the annual average water temperature in coastal Baltic waters appears to be lower than in the lagoons. During the research period (1961–2008) the water temperature and water level trends in the southern and south-eastern coastal lagoons of the Baltic Sea were positive, but maximal anomalies in the coastal lagoons were observed only in the last two decades, and it seems that the processes due to climate change occurred in many regions worldwide (IPCC 2007). A similar annual variation in warming trend was observed in the sea surface temperature of the Baltic Sea (BACC 2008, Lehmann et al. 2010).

g., Batty and Taylor, 2002). Most interestingly the largest P1 is elicited for targets requiring a conjunction search as compared to targets Copanlisib order that are characterized by single features, including color pop-out features (e.g. Taylor and Khan, 2000). Furthermore, the latency of the P1 for a conjunction search tends to be longer than those for single features (cf. Taylor et al., 1999 and Taylor et al., 2001a). Most surprisingly, however, is the finding that array size increases P1 amplitude but decreases latency. In a search paradigm in which array size was varied between 5, 9 and 17 items, the largest P1 and the shortest P1 latencies were found for the largest array with 17

items (Taylor et al., 2001b). Although the C1 component is primarily associated with perceptual encoding, research by Herrmann seems to imply that the P1 component also is a sensory component (Busch et al., 2004, Busch et al., 2006a, Busch et al., 2006b and Fründ

et al., 2007). We try to show here that the P1 is not modulated by physical properties per se but only if they are relevant for early categorization or if they elicit reflexive selleck monoclonal antibody attention. One important physical property that affects sensory processes is stimulus size. Due to the retinotopic architecture of V1, large stimuli are processed in large cortical areas and small stimuli in small areas. If an electrophysiological parameter is directly affected by stimulus size, it appears save to conclude that it is directly modulated by physical stimulus properties. As an example, let us consider the study by Busch et al. (2006b) who used abstract stimuli that consisted of two areas, a small circular center and a large

surrounding. In keeping global stimulus size identical (the center area plus the surrounding area is of the same size for all stimuli), two experimental conditions with a small target (consisting of Tenofovir clinical trial the center area) and a large target (consisting of the surround area) were compared. In different blocks of trials either the center or the surround area was the target stimulus. In both conditions targets were defined by the orientation of one of two possible gratings. Thus, in both conditions, targets were defined by the same physical property. Busch et al. (2006b) observed that target size did not affect P1 amplitude size. Large and small targets elicited P1 amplitudes of identical magnitude. In a simple object (square vs. circle) discrimination task, Busch et al. (2004), however, found that P1 amplitude increases with increasing stimulus size, decreases with increasing eccentricity (stimuli presented more laterally elicit smaller P1 components) but is unaffected by exposure duration. The respective findings – as depicted in Fig. 4 – show in addition that for eccentric stimuli, P1 amplitudes are much larger over ipsilateral recording sites. Is this unequivocal evidence that the P1 is a sensory ERP component? Let us first consider the effect of stimulus size. In contrast to Busch et al.

Os relatórios histológicos não dão aos clínicos e aos gastrenterologistas uma mensagem this website explícita de orientação daquele doente em concreto. O grau de atrofia e o tipo de metaplasia intestinal nem sempre são classificados. Como sabemos, a metaplasia intestinal pode ser de tipo entérico (completa, ou tipo I), enterocólica (incompleta, tipo II) ou colónica (incompleta, tipo III), sendo que este grau III tem sido tradicionalmente associado a uma maior gravidade, mas, na verdade, a extensão da atrofia e da metaplasia talvez seja o melhor marcador de pré‐malignidade, sendo a subtipagem da metaplasia, provavelmente de menor valor na prática clínica4. A causa mais

comum de metaplasia intestinal é a gastrite induzida pelo H. pylori, mas lembramos que a deteção da metaplasia intestinal em biopsias de rotina está sujeita a erros de amostragem e pode não ser o marcador desejável de risco aumentado de carcinoma gástrico 5. Tal como é referido no artigo «One day of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in a southern European country», a extensão da metaplasia intestinal e da atrofia da mucosa ao corpo gástrico parece ter um papel relevante. Já há alguns anos, alguns AA advogavam que, com base na sua correlação com a metaplasia intestinal,

uma gastrite corporal pronunciada poderia ser considerada um marcador de cancro gástrico. Em comparação com a metaplasia intestinal este marcador de risco de cancro gástrico tem a vantagem de estar associado a uma menor variabilidade interobservadores Doramapimod molecular weight e, devido à sua apresentação difusa, a um menor risco de erros de amostragem6. Por outro lado, a localização das biopsias de rotina

não tem sido consensual, nomeadamente no que respeita às biopsias na incisura angularis, mas a sua realização nesta localização tem sido enfatizada em estudos recentes, dado que a incisura angularis está sujeita a um maior índice de gastrite atrófica severa, metaplasia e inflamação crónica Alectinib datasheet do que o corpo e o antro, pelo que é de considerar (ainda que não haja consenso) que estas biopsias devam ser rotineiramente incluídas nos protocolos 7. Parece óbvio que se torna importante estratificar os doentes de acordo com o risco de desenvolvimento de cancro gástrico, e os sistemas Operative Link for Gastritis Assessment (OLGA)8 e Operative Link on Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia (OLGIM) têm sido propostos com esse objetivo, sendo para isso necessária a real cooperação entre gastrenterologistas, na execução conveniente das biopsias, e anatomopatologistas, no uso destas escalas de valor analógico de classificação da atrofia gástrica e da metaplasia. Em termos de biopsias, a proposta do sistema OLGA consiste, basicamente, na realização de pelo menos 5 biopsias: na grande e pequena curvaturas do antro distal (A1 e A2); na pequena curvatura da incisura angularis (A3); e na parede anterior e posterior do corpo proximal (C1 e C2). Mas o número de biopsias continua a não ser consensual.

, 2007). In most climate change studies, GCMs have been used to project future climatic variables. However, due to a limitation of GCMs to incorporate local topography (spatial and temporal scales), the direct use of their outputs in impact studies on the local scale of e.g. hydrological catchments is

limited. To bridge the gaps between the climate model and local scales, downscaling is commonly used in practice. Dynamic downscaling and statistical downscaling are the most commonly used methods (Bergstrom, 2001, Fowler et al., 2007, Pinto et al., Ibrutinib 2010, Schoof et al., 2009 and Wilby et al., 1999). Dynamic downscaling by Regional Climate Models (RCMs) ensures consistency between climatological variables, however they are computationally expensive. Statistical downscaling models, on the other

hand, are based on statistical relationships and hence require less computational time. Extensive research has been carried out with both approaches (e.g., Chen et al., 2012, Maraun et al., 2010, Teutschbein et al., 2011 and Willems and Vrac, 2011). Besides the scale issue, there is often a clear bias in the statistics of variables produced by GCMs such as rainfall and temperature (Kay et al., 2006 and Kotlarski, 2005). Therefore hydrologically important variables need to be adjusted to obtain realistic time series for use in local impact studies (Graham et Dinaciclib al., 2007). A conventional way to adjust future time series is referred to as bias correction (Lenderink, 2007) where correction factors are derived by comparing the GCM output with observed weather variables in the reference period, and then applied to GCM output for future climate. While bias-correction generally reproduces the variability described by different climatic conditions simulated by GCM projections, one disadvantage is the assumption of stationarity, i.e. that the correction Phospholipase D1 factors do not change with time. As indicated by Rana et al. (2012), the rainfall intensity and frequency

for Mumbai is related to certain global climate indices such as the Indian Ocean Dipole, the El Niño-Southern Oscillation and the East Atlantic Pattern. These established connections between local rainfall and large-scale climate features suggest the possibility to statistically downscale GCM data directly to the local scale. The objective of this paper is to apply a statistical approach termed Distribution-based Scaling (DBS) technique, which has been tested and applied to RCM data, to scale GCM data. This includes the application of the DBS model to GCM projections for the area, an analysis of the scaling methodology and its applicability to GCM data, and finally assessment of the future impacts on the city of Mumbai due to climate change as projected by nine different GCM projections. The study is carried out for the city of Mumbai, (18°58′30″ N, 72°49′33″ E; formerly Bombay) the capital of Maharashtra state, located in the south-western part of India.

Therefore, the objective of the present study was to compare AAI and OTA impact on VEGF expression as well transcription factors regulating its expression in cultured kidney tubulus cells. Comparison between effects of both toxins on VEGF expression may add to our understanding of the role of these toxins in nephropathy development. Aristolochic acid I (AAI), ochratoxin A (OTA), mithramycin A, thiazolyl blue tetrazolium

bromide (MTT), dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) and SYBR Green were obtained from Sigma–Aldrich. Oligo(dT) primers, dNTP’s, M-MLV reverse transcriptase, Non-radioactive Cytotoxic Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) assay and Luciferase Activity Assay were obtained from check details Promega and chetomin was from Alexis Biochemicals. The ELISA kit for human VEGF was procured from R&D Systems Europe. The cell proliferation BrdU ELISA kit was

bought from Roche, the Great Escape SEAP Chemiluminescent Detection kit was from Clontech BD Biosciences and SuperFect Transfection Reagent was procured from Qiagen. High glucose DMEM medium was from Cytogen. Fetal bovine serum (FBS) and antibiotics (penicillin, streptomycin) were from PAA. Rabbit polyclonal anti-HIF-1α (cat no. sc-10790) and anti-HIF-2α (cat no. sc-28706) antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, mouse CB-839 monoclonal anti-α-tubulin (cat no. CP06) was from Calbiochem, anti-rabbit IgG conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) (cat no. 7074) was from Cell Signaling Technology whereas anti-mouse IgG conjugated with HRP (cat no. 32230) was from Pierce. Goat anti-rabbit IgG conjugated with Alexa Fluor 568 (cat no. A21069) was from Invitrogen. Mounting medium with DAPI was bought from Vector Laboratories. LLC-PK1 cell line, an established epithelial cell line derived from porcine renal cortex, was kindly supplied by Prof. Gerald Rimbach (Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, nearly Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Germany).

The cells were passed in high glucose DMEM medium, supplemented with 10% FBS, streptomycin (100 U/ml) and penicillin (100 g/ml), and kept under standard conditions (37 °C, 5% CO2). Toxins were prepared as a 50 mM stock solution (AAI in DMSO, and OTA in methanol). In experiments with mithramycin A and chetomin, cells were pretreated for 30 min with mithramycin A or with chetomin, and then costimulated with AAI for next 24 h. For hypoxia experiments, cells were treated with OTA and then put into hypoxic conditions (0.5% O2, 5% CO2, 94% N2) for 24 h. The effect of AAI (1–100 μM) and OTA (2.5–100 μM) on porcine kidney cell viability has been determined by non-radioactive cytotoxic LDH assay and MTT conversion according to provider’s instruction. LLC-PK1 cells were seeded at a density of 5,000 cells per well in a 96-well plate. After 24 h non-confluent cells were stimulated by OTA and AAI and then cell proliferation was assessed by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation by the use of BrdU ELISA kit according to manufacturer’s instructions.

NPJD is guarantor of the paper. The study was funded by the Wellcome Trust of Great Britain (London, UK) (grant no. B9RPYY0) and the London School of Hygiene & Tropical learn more Medicine (London, UK) (MSc summer projects funding no. 491863). None declared. Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Bangladesh Medical Research Council Ethics Committee, the London

School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Ethics Committee (UK) and the Oxford Tropical Research Ethics Committee (OXTREC). The authors thank the attending physicians and other hospital staff from the six medical colleges for recruiting patients into the study. The authors also thank the laboratory technicians at Mahidol–Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (Bangkok, Thailand), in particular Sayan Langla and Tippawan Anantarat, for assisting with Trametinib supplier the indirect haemagglutination assays. “
“Dengue virus is the most important arboviral disease in humans,

with an estimated 100 million cases of dengue fever (DF) and several hundred thousand cases of dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) each year.1 Cases of DF and DHF were increasingly reported in nine countries within the South East Asia region between 1985 and 2006, with Thailand reporting the highest number of cases in the region until 2003.2 In South East Asia, adults with dengue virus infection usually present with an acute, undifferentiated, febrile illness.3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 Previous reports have documented the difficulty in clinically differentiating dengue from other causes of fever, including leptospirosis8 and scrub typhus.5 Given this difficulty, and the fact that delayed antimicrobial treatment for such infections may result in increased mortality, reliable and rapid dengue confirmatory tests are needed. Additionally, rapid confirmation of dengue infection would facilitate improved monitoring of confirmed cases for development of complications such as shock or haemorrhage.9 Accurate laboratory confirmation Bumetanide of dengue infection involves a combination of tests depending on timing of infection. During the acute phase of infection, virus

culture, nucleic acid detection (RT-PCR)10, 11 and 12 or antigen detection (for example, by NS-1 antigen ELISA13, 14 and 15) may be used for diagnosis. Serology is also used to confirm infection and distinguish primary and secondary infections by determining the differences between IgM and IgG antibody response and is currently more widely used as one of the laboratory diagnostic methods.16 There are a variety of serological methods described, including ELISA and haemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests, some of which are commercially available.17 and 18 However, serological diagnosis of dengue infection requires paired serum specimens, resulting in retrospective, rather than rapid and clinically useful, confirmation of infection.

B. (i) Radar plot indicating differential Dek expression throughout myeloid specific normal murine hematopoietic differentiation. Each radius represents a particular hematopoietic cell stage. (ii) Bar chart highlighting Dek expression during normal ALK inhibitor differentiation from the common myeloid cells towards the granulocytic

(G) and monocytic (M) lineages. *** p < 0.001. Abbreviations as follows: long-term hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSC), short-term hematopoietic stem cells (ST-HSC), lymphoid primed multipotent progenitor (LMPP), common lymphoid progenitor (CLP), early T-cell progenitor (ETP), immunoglobulin M positive side population cells (IgM + SP), natural killer (NK), granulocyte macrophage (GM), granulocyte monocyte progenitor (GMP), megakaryocyte erythroid precursor (MkE) megakaryocyte precursor (MkP) and colony forming units erythroid cell (CFUE). This study was supported and funded by Leukaemia & Lymphoma NIR2561CNR (GEL, KIM, MJP), the START-Program of the Faculty of Medicine, RWTH www.selleckchem.com/products/DAPT-GSI-IX.html Aachen University (to F.K.) and the German Research Foundation

(DFG; KA 2799/1 to F.K.). “
“Neurosurgical stimulation studies are an important source of information about cortical function (Penfield and Rasmussen, 1950). Patients may undergo pre-surgical implantation of subdural electrodes for functional mapping, to inform subsequent surgery. By direct electrical stimulation (DES) between specific pairs of electrodes (or by equivalent intraoperative stimulation with movable electrodes), clinicians can assess the functional role of a given cortical region, and thus guide neurosurgical interventions. Because DES can be performed in awake patients, it provides a crucial insight into the contribution of diverse cortical regions to conscious experience (Desmurget et al., 2009, Fritsch and Hitzig, 1870 and Penfield and Rasmussen, 1950). In particular, the clinician can stimulate a particular cortical region and assess the impact on the patient’s behaviour, and subjectively reported sensation. Penfield and Boldrey (Penfield and

Boldrey, 1937) classically mapped the human motor cortex in this way. Their work is known primarily for the ‘positive’ sensorimotor signs they evoked in specific muscles, leading Cell press to the famous motor homunculus. Interestingly, stimulation of some cortical sites has ‘negative’ effects, causing inhibition of an ongoing movement. These sites have been termed ‘negative motor areas’ (NMAs) in the neurosurgical literature (Lüders et al., 1995). In his early studies, Penfield (Penfield and Boldrey, 1937, Penfield and Jasper, 1954 and Penfield and Rasmussen, 1950) had already described speech arrest following stimulation at some sites within the supplementary motor area (SMA). However, this aspect of Penfield’s data has been neglected, in comparison to the attention paid to the positive motor homunculus.

We also analyzed the evolving patterns of shoreline change along the Danube delta coast on 177 cross profiles during the transition from

natural to anthropogenic conditions using the single surveys of 1856 (British Admiralty, 1861) and 1894 (CED, 1902) and shoreline changes between 1975/1979 and 2006 (SGH, 1975 and Vespremeanu-Stroe et al., 2007). Automatic extraction of rates was performed using the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (Thieler et al., 2009). Recent sedimentation rates at all our locations have been above or close the local relative sea level rise of ∼3 mm/yr (Table 2) when both siliciclastic and organic components are considered. However, millennial scale sedimentation rates (Table 3) are all below these recent rates with Saracatinib datasheet the lowest values at sites within the interior of the delta far from the main distributaries, such as lakes Fortuna (FO1) and Nebunu (NE1) or natural channels Perivolovca (P1) or Dranov Canal (along the former natural channel Cernetz; D2). The corresponding siliciclastic fluxes (Table 2 and Table 3 and Fig. 3) are between 1.5 and 8 times higher than the expected flux of 0.09–0.12 g/cm2 calculated by us using the available estimates for water flux transiting the interior of the delta (vide supra). This holds true for all depositional

environments ( Table 1 and Fig. 2 and Fig. 3) and Epigenetics Compound Library for all time intervals investigated. The larger than expected fluxes suggest that either a sampling design bias toward locations proximal to the sediment source (i.e., channels), turbid waters trapping inside the delta more than 10% of the sediment transported in suspension by the Danube or a combination of both. In this context, we note that any location in the delta is relatively proximal to a channel due to the high density of the channel network and that the siliciclastic flux in the most distal lake cored by us (Belciug) is still above the expected Org 27569 0.09–0.12 g/cm2. However, even if any bias was introduced by sampling, the pattern of increased

deposition near channels would mimic well the natural deposition pattern ( Antipa, 1915). The largest overall siliciclastic fluxes correspond to the post-WWII period (1954-present) with an average of 0.4 g/cm2. When only the post-damming interval is considered, siliciciclastic fluxes fall back to values not much higher than those measured for the long term, millennial time scales: 0.23 vs. 0.14–0.17 g/cm2 respectively. Post-WWII fluxes to locations on the delta plain near distributaries, secondary channels or canals were generally higher than fluxes toward lakes, either from cores collected at their shores or within the lake proper (Fig. 3), but this apparent relationship collapses in the most recent, post-damming period. And while large reductions in fluxes occurred at the delta plain marsh sites between these two recent intervals, at locations associated with lakes, the decrease in fluxes is less dramatic (Fig. 3).