2012). Addressing reticulate evolution and hybridization might further

support species delimitation. Differences in DNA contents that may indicate ploidy changes have been established for closely related dinoflagellate species and their potential in delimiting species has been emphasized although the approach needs further refinement (Figueroa et al. 2010). Future integrative taxonomic studies will show to what extent the species concept proposed here for A. ostenfeldii reflects a “separately evolving metapopulation lineage” sensu de Queiroz (2007). We thank T. Alpermann, D. Anderson, I. Bravo, E. Bresnan, H. Gu, L. Percy, and N. Touzet for providing Metabolism inhibitor strains of A. ostenfeldii/peruvianum. H. Gudfinnson, V. Pospelova, B. Dale, and S. Sanchez collected sediment or water samples from Iceland, Canada, Norway, and Peru for new isolations. H. Kankaanpää, K. Harju, and W. Drebing contributed to the toxin analyses. Technical support was provided by J. Oja, M. Vandersea, and R. York. The advice of S. Nagai and P.T. Lim on molecular analyses and their interpretations are greatly appreciated. Steven Kibler and Christopher SB203580 nmr Holland provided helpful critical reviews of the manuscript. This work was supported by the Academy of Finland grant #128833 to AK and SS, the Maj and Tor Nessling Foundation (P.T.) and funding from the North Pacific Research Board Project 1021 (W.L.). Table S1. Unique LSU D1-D2 sequences included in the phylogenetic analysis

presented in Figure 2. Table S2. Cell size: Ranges and means (±SD) of length, width and length/width ratios of cells of Alexandruim ostenfeldii strains from different phylogenetic clades. “
“Imaging FlowCytobot (IFCB) combines video and flow cytometric technology to capture images of nano- and microplankton (∼10 to >100 μm) and to measure the chlorophyll fluorescence associated with each image. The images are of sufficient resolution to identify many organisms to genus or even species level. IFCB has provided >200 million images since its installation at the entrance to the Mission-Aransas estuary (Port Aransas, TX, USA) in September 2007. In early February 2008, Dinophysis cells (1–5 · mL−1) were detected by manual inspection of images; by late February, selleck products abundance estimates exceeded 200 cells · mL−1. Manual microscopy of water samples from the site confirmed that D. cf. ovum F. Schütt was the dominant species, with cell concentrations similar to those calculated from IFCB data, and toxin analyses showed that okadaic acid was present, which led to closing of shellfish harvesting. Analysis of the time series using automated image classification (extraction of image features and supervised machine learning algorithms) revealed a dynamic phytoplankton community composition. Before the Dinophysis bloom, Myrionecta rubra (a prey item of Dinophysis) was observed, and another potentially toxic dinoflagellate, Prorocentrum, was observed after the bloom.