001) affected by site, with site averages ranging from 1.01 to 2.36 mu L g(-1) fresh weight. In 2009 and 2010, oil concentration was significantly (P < 0.05) negatively correlated with site temperature over the ABT-263 supplier growing season. Studies of shoot growth showed that the rate of leaf emergence was significantly (P < 0.001) correlated with both soil and air temperatures and the relationships suggested base temperatures of 5.2 degrees C and 6.9 degrees C for air and soil, respectively. (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Route environments can positively influence people’s active commuting and thereby contribute

to public health. The Active Commuting Route Environment Scale (ACRES) was developed to study active commuters’ perceptions Nirogacestat nmr of their route environments. However, bicycle commuters represent a small portion of the population in many cities and thus are difficult

to study using population-based material. Therefore, the aim of this study is to expand the state of knowledge concerning the criterion-related validity of the ACRES and the representativity using an advertisement-recruited sample. Furthermore, by comparing commuting route environment profiles of inner urban and suburban areas, we provide a novel basis for understanding the relationship between environment and bikeability.

Methods: Bicycle commuters from Greater Stockholm, Sweden, advertisement- (n = 1379) and street-recruited (n = 93), responded to the ACRES. Traffic planning and environmental experts from the Municipality of Stockholm (n = 24) responded to a modified version of the ACRES. The criterion-related validity assessments were based on whether or not differences between the Selleck SB202190 inner urban and the suburban route environments, as indicated by the experts and by

four existing objective measurements, were reflected by differences in perceptions of these environments. Comparisons of ratings between advertisement-and street-recruited participants were used for the assessments of representativity. Finally, ratings of inner urban and suburban route environments were used to evaluate commuting route environment profiles.

Results: Differences in ratings of the inner urban and suburban route environments by the advertisement-recruited participants were in accord with the existing objective measurements and corresponded reasonably well with those of the experts. Overall, there was a reasonably good correspondence between the advertisement-and street-recruited participants’ ratings. Distinct differences in commuting route environment profiles were noted between the inner urban and suburban areas. Suburban route environments were rated as safer and more stimulating for bicycle-commuting than the inner urban ones. In general, the findings applied to both men and women.